Towards a time-gated Raman spectrometer with VIS-NIR SPAD camera for stand-off planetary surface exploration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Ciaffoni ◽  
Pavel Matousek ◽  
Iain Sedgwick ◽  
Nick Waltham
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Icy Moons ◽  
Raman Spectrometer ◽  
Surface Exploration ◽  
Light Gathering ◽  
Detection Capabilities ◽  
Better Than

<p>Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons. Very recently, time-gated cameras based on solid-state CMOS SPAD technology have been proposed for improving the performance and field applicability of Raman spectrometers for on-surface planetary geoscience through addressing the largely unmet challenge of suppression of fluorescence interference in highly fluorescent rocks (e.g. minerals containing phosphate, one of the chemical nutrients thought to be essential for life).</p><p>The effectiveness of Raman SPAD cameras currently proposed in the literature, however, is at present restricted to a small subset of samples and regimes of operations. This is largely owed to two main limitations. Firstly, their performance is optimised only for the VIS spectral region (typically around 532 nm), where the fluorescence issue tends to be exacerbated due to increased likelihood of electronic excitation for most molecular species compared to Raman excitation above 775 nm. Secondly, their 2D architecture is limited to few pixel rows, which reduces their light-gathering capability and consequently the detection performance of the Raman spectrometer.</p><p>We present the preliminary work towards the development of a novel time-gated Raman spectrometer that relies on a large format NIR-optimised SPAD camera prototype with time resolution better than 200 ps. This technology promises to deliver unsurpassed dual-wavelength Raman detection capabilities that would be transformative for stand-off sample analysis in surface exploration of Mars and Icy moons.</p><p>A performance analysis model for predicting the fluorescence and ambient light suppression performance levels in relation to the properties of various samples, environmental conditions and specifications of the laser and camera is presented, followed by the preliminary designs of the SPAD camera module and Raman spectrometer.</p>

scholarly journals A Solid-State Light-Matter Interface at the Single Photon Level

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Afzelius ◽  
Nicolas Gisin ◽  
Hugues de Riedmatten ◽  
Christoph Simon ◽  
Matthias U. Staudt
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Single Photon

A Miniaturized, No-Moving-Parts Raman Spectrometer

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Neil Lewis ◽  
Patrick J. Treado ◽  
Ira W. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Laser Excitation ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Tunable Filter ◽  
Instrument Design ◽  
Laboratory Notebook ◽  
Raman Spectrometer ◽  
Digitally Controlled ◽  
Moving Parts

A solid-state acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is combined with krypton laser excitation (647 nm), holographic Raman filters, and photon-counting silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) detection to construct a miniaturized Raman spectrometer with no moving parts. The physically compact AOTF and the highly integrated APD provide a rugged, digitally controlled spectrometer of moderate spectral resolution and with a footprint comparable in size to a laboratory notebook. Instrument design details are considered and representative spectra are reported. Potential areas of application for this prototype Raman spectrometer are also discussed.

scholarly journals Difference in solid-state properties and enzymatic degradation of three kinds of poly(butylene succinate)/cellulose blends

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (56) ◽  
pp. 35496-35503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyan Hu ◽  
Tingting Su ◽  
Wenjing Pan ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Zhanyong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Better Than

Mechanical and crystalline properties of PBS/CMC and PBS/CA blends were improved and their enzymolysis was better than for a PBS/CTA blend.

Synergistic Use of FTIR Spectroscopy and TG to Elucidate the Solid State THCA Decarboxylation Reaction Kinetics in THCA Standard and Cannabis Flower

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Gigopulu ◽  
Nikola Geskovski ◽  
Gjoshe Stefkov ◽  
Veronika Stoilkovska Gjorgievska ◽  
Irena Slaveska Spirevska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Process Analytical Technology ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Plant Sample ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Decarboxylation Reaction

<p>The decarboxylation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) plays pivotal role in the potency of medical cannabis and its extracts. However, the literature data point out substantial variations in the process reaction rate and conversion efficacy due to variability of the temperature, heat transfer efficacy, raw material attributes, consequently resulting in incomplete decarboxylation, cannabinoid content decrease due to decomposition, evaporation, and possible side reactions. Our present work aims to draw attention to mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy for in-situ monitoring and decipher the THCA decarboxylation reaction in the solid state. The initial TG/DTG curves of THCA, for a first time outlined the solid-solid decarboxylation dynamics, defined the endpoint of the process and the temperature of the maximal conversion rate, which aided in the design of the further IR experiments. Temperature controlled IR spectroscopy experiments were performed on both THCA standard and cannabis flower by providing detailed band assignment and conducting spectra-structure correlations, based on the concept of functional groups vibrations. Moreover, a multivariate statistical analysis was employed to depict the spectral regions of utmost importance for the THCA→THC interconversion process. The principal component analysis model was reduced to two PCs, where PC1 explained 94.76% and 98.21% of the total spectral variations in the THCA standard and in the plant sample, respectively. The PC1 plot score of the THCA standard, as a function of the temperature, neatly complemented to the TG/DTG curve and enabled determination of rate constants for the decarboxylation reaction undertaken on several temperatures. Consequently, a progress in elucidation of kinetic models of THCA decarboxylation, fitting experimental data for both, solid state standard substance and a plant flower, was achieved. The results open the horizon to promote an appropriate process analytical technology (PAT) in the outgrowing medical cannabis industry.</p>

Vinblastine fails to improve response of renal cancer to interferon alfa-n1: high response rate in patients with pulmonary metastases.

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Neidhart ◽  
S A Anderson ◽  
J E Harris ◽  
J J Rinehart ◽  
J Laszlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
High Response Rate ◽  
Interferon Alfa ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Research Triangle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Better Than

One hundred sixty-five patients were randomized to receive either interferon alfa-n1 (Wellferon; Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC) alone or with vinblastine. An initial six-cycle induction treatment consisted of interferon given at daily doses of 3, 5, 20, 20, and 20 x 10(6) U/m2 every 2 weeks. Vinblastine at a dose of 10 mg/m2 (later decreased to 5 mg/m2) was given on day 1 of alternate cycles. Toxicities were generally well tolerated. The overall response rate was 10% with no significant difference between treatment arms. Survival was also not significantly different for the arms. A small subset of patients (16) with metastases only to the lungs had a high complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) rate of 44%. Responses were durable, and overall survival of this group was much better than that of the other patients.

Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Performance of Li2Mn0.7Fe0.3SiO4 Prepared from Solid-state Reaction

2009 ◽  
Vol 620-622 ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Gang Liu ◽  
Yun Hua Xu ◽  
Rong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Cathode Material ◽  
Solid State Reaction ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Reversible Capacity ◽  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Cycle Life ◽  
Solution Route ◽  
Better Than

Li2MSiO4(M=Mn, Co, Ni) is a potential high capacity cathode material because of its outstanding properties that exchange of two electrons per transition metal atom is possible and the theoretical capacity of Li2MSiO4 can reach as high as 330 mAhg-1. In this family, the cathode performance of Li2MnSiO4 synthesized by solution route has been published recently. However, it seems that the cycle life of Li2MnSiO4 fell short of our expectation. In this work, the Li2Mn0.7Fe0.3SiO4 cathode material was synthesized by traditional solid-state reaction method. The prepared powder was consisted of majority of Li2Mn0.7Fe0.3SiO4 and minor impurities which were examined by XRD. FESEM morphology showed that the products of Li2Mn0.7Fe0.3SiO4 and Li2MnSiO4 have similar particle size (about 50-300 nm). The electrochemical performance of Li2Mn0.7Fe0.3SiO4, especially for reversible capacity and cycle life, exhibited better than those of Li2MnSiO4.

scholarly journals Polarisation-controlled single photon emission at high temperatures from InGaN quantum dots

Nanoscale ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (27) ◽  
pp. 9421-9427 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Wang ◽  
T. J. Puchtler ◽  
T. Zhu ◽  
J. C. Jarman ◽  
L. P. Nuttall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Solid State ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Peltier Cooling

We achieved fast single photon emission with polarisation control beyond the 200 K Peltier cooling barrier in solid-state quantum dots.

scholarly journals A single-photon switch and transistor enabled by a solid-state quantum memory

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6397) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Sun ◽  
Hyochul Kim ◽  
Zhouchen Luo ◽  
Glenn S. Solomon ◽  
Edo Waks
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Quantum Memory ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Spin Qubit ◽  
Photon Interactions

Single-photon switches and transistors generate strong photon-photon interactions that are essential for quantum circuits and networks. However, the deterministic control of an optical signal with a single photon requires strong interactions with a quantum memory, which has been challenging to achieve in a solid-state platform. We demonstrate a single-photon switch and transistor enabled by a solid-state quantum memory. Our device consists of a semiconductor spin qubit strongly coupled to a nanophotonic cavity. The spin qubit enables a single 63-picosecond gate photon to switch a signal field containing up to an average of 27.7 photons before the internal state of the device resets. Our results show that semiconductor nanophotonic devices can produce strong and controlled photon-photon interactions that could enable high-bandwidth photonic quantum information processing.

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