Use of laser spectroscopy to evaluate the influence of soil storage on N2O emission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Ding ◽  
Maria Heiling ◽  
Mohammad Zaman ◽  
Christian Resch ◽  
Gerd Dercon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Soil Storage ◽  
Laboratory Incubation ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Keeling Plot ◽  
Cavity Output ◽  
Storage Effects ◽  
Disturbed Soils

<p>Accurate measurements of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) fluxes from soils are necessary to understand dynamic changes in soil nitrogen cycles. Laboratory incubation experiments provide a controlled condition to measure these N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. Before incubation experiments, soils are often stored at certain conditions to minimize the microbial activities. However, the effect of soil storage on N<sub>2</sub>O emission has been poorly studied. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted using disturbed soils to study the storage effect. The soil was sieved to 2mm and the following four treatments were tested: fresh undisturbed (FU), fresh sieved (FS), fridge stored at 4ºC (ST), and stored at room temperature after drying (PI). After soil samples were brought to 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS), <sup>15</sup>N labelled urea (1 At%) was applied at the rate of 50 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup> soil and the soil was incubated at room temperature (23 ºC). The N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes were measured for 7 weeks using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS, Los Gatos Research, California, USA). Cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and Keeling plot intercepts (δ<sup>15</sup>N source) were calculated. The results showed that soil storage has a significant effect on N<sub>2</sub>O emission. Over the 7-week period, ST produced the highest cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (2.70 µg N g<sup>-1</sup> soil) as well as the largest amount of N derived from fertiliser (Ndff) (1.4 µg N g<sup>-1</sup> soil). FU produced the lowest cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (1.0 µg N g<sup>-1</sup> soil) but the largest amount of N derived from soil (Ndfs) (0.6 µg N g<sup>-1</sup> soil). The daily N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes of FS and FU declined rapidly after the peak emissions, but the fluxes of PI and ST fluctuated after the peaks. These results indicate that soil storage affects microbial processes and therefore N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Our results suggest using fresh soil to avoid storage effects. If this is not possible the effect of soil storage should be considered before the experiment.  </p>

Integrated cavity output spectroscopy measurements of NO levels in breath with a pulsed room-temperature QCL

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Silva ◽  
D. M. Sonnenfroh ◽  
D. I. Rosen ◽  
M. G. Allen ◽  
A. O’ Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cavity Output

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emission from conservation forest of Kampar Peninsula peatland ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-452
Author(s):  
Nardi ◽  
Syaiful Anwar ◽  
Mohamad Yani ◽  
Nurholis ◽  
Muhammad Hendrizal
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas with a warming potential of 300 times higher than CO2. Conserving of intact peat swamp forest can hold the natural physical and chemical properties of the soil, such that the N2O emission occurs naturally. To quantify N2O emission from peatland ecosystems, data availability is highly needed. The objectives of this study were to quantify the emission of N2O and determine the main factors controlling N2O emission from peatland conservation forests. This research was conducted from January to December 2020 in the Kampar Peninsula, Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. This study found that N2O emission at peatland conservation forest was 0.23 ± 0.19 kg-N/ha/year. Substantial changes in soil and environmental factors such as water table, soil temperature, soil moisture, water-filled pore space, NH4-N, and NO3-N significantly affect the exchange of N2O between peatlands and the atmosphere.

Effects of biobanking conditions on six antibiotic substances in human serum assessed by a novel evaluation protocol

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Zander ◽  
Barbara Maier ◽  
Michael Zoller ◽  
Gundula Döbbeler ◽  
Lorenz Frey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
P Value ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Evaluation Protocol ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Storage Effects ◽  
Stability Data

AbstractAlthough therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for antibiotics in critically ill patients is recommended by expert panels, no commercial tests are available for most antibiotics. Therefore, we previously developed a multi-analyte method for the quantification of piperacillin, tazobactam, cefepime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and linezolid in serum. However, limited stability data were available, and the relevant studies did not address the coefficients of variation of the methods applied, which may be important for verifying the storage dependency of the observed effects. Here we aimed to evaluate the storage effects of antibiotics by applying a novel evaluation protocol.Serum-based test samples were aliquoted and stored at room temperature, 4 °C, −20 °C or −80 °C for up to 180 days. Using an innovative evaluation protocol (considering the coefficient of variation, p-value, and criterion of monotony of observed changes), we assessed whether relevant changes (defined as ≥15% in comparison with baseline) were storage dependent (defined as substantial changes).Storage at −80 °C for up to 180 days did not lead to substantial changes for any analyte. In contrast, storage at −20 °C induced substantial decreases after ≥7 days for piperacillin, tazobactam, cefepime and meropenem; after 90 days at −20 °C, only ≤23% of the initial concentrations were found for these parameters. No substantial changes were observed for linezolid and ciprofloxacin at any storage condition. All of the observed substantial changes were monotonic decreases.We recommend a storage temperature of −80 °C for β-lactam antibiotics. The applied evaluation protocol yielded conclusive results and may be generally useful for stability studies.

Scaling methane oxidation: From laboratory incubation experiments to landfill cover field conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Abichou ◽  
Koenraad Mahieu ◽  
Jeff Chanton ◽  
Mehrez Romdhane ◽  
Imane Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Landfill Cover ◽  
Laboratory Incubation ◽  
Incubation Experiments

scholarly journals Kinetic Modeling of Storage Effects on Biomarkers Related to B Vitamin Status and One-Carbon Metabolism

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steinar Hustad ◽  
Simone Eussen ◽  
Øivind Midttun ◽  
Arve Ulvik ◽  
Puck M van de Kant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Flavin Mononucleotide ◽  
Storage Effects ◽  
One Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Accumulation Kinetics ◽  
B Vitamin

Abstract BACKGROUND Biomarkers and metabolites related to B vitamin function and one-carbon metabolism have been studied as predictors of chronic diseases in studies based on samples stored in biobanks. For most biomarkers, stability data are lacking or fragmentary. METHODS Degradation and accumulation kinetics of 32 biomarkers were determined at 23 °C in serum and plasma (EDTA, heparin, and citrate) collected from 16 individuals and stored for up to 8 days. In frozen serum (−25 °C), stability was studied cross-sectionally in 650 archival samples stored for up to 29 years. Concentration vs time curves were fitted to monoexponential, biexponential, linear, and nonlinear models. RESULTS For many biomarkers, stability was highest in EDTA plasma. Storage effects were similar at room temperature and at −25 °C; notable exceptions were methionine, which could be recovered as methionine sulfoxide, and cystathionine, which decreased in frozen samples. Cobalamin, betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine, total homocysteine, total cysteine, tryptophan, asymetric and symmetric dimethyl argenine, creatinine, and methylmalonic acid were essentially stable under all conditions. Most B vitamins (folate and vitamins B2 and B6) were unstable; choline increased markedly, and some amino acids also increased, particularly in serum. The kynurenines showed variable stability. For many biomarkers, degradation (folate and flavin mononucleotide) or accumulation (pyridoxal, riboflavin, choline, amino acids) kinetics at room temperature were non–first order. CONCLUSIONS Data on stability and deterioration kinetics for individual biomarkers are required to optimize procedures for handling serum and plasma, and for addressing preanalytical bias in epidemiological and clinical studies.

scholarly journals Global soil nitrous oxide emissions in a dynamic carbon–nitrogen model

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3101-3143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Y. Huang ◽  
S. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Moisture Regime

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas that also contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. With high temporal and spatial heterogeneity, a quantitative understanding of terrestrial N2O emission, its variabilities and reponses to climate change is challenging. We added a soil N2O emission module to the dynamic global land model LM3V-N, and tested its sensitivity to soil moisture regime and responses to elevated CO2 and temperature. The model was capable of reproducing the average of cross-site observed annual mean emissions, although differences remained across individual sites if stand-level measurements were representative of gridcell emissions. Modelled N2O fluxes were highly sensitive to water filled pore space (WFPS), with a global sensitivity of approximately 0.25 Tg N year−1 per 0.01 change in WFPS. We found that the global response of N2O emission to CO2 fertilization was largely determined by the response of tropical emissions, whereas the extratropical response was weaker and different, highlighting the need to expand field studies in tropical ecosystems. Warming generally enhanced N2O efflux, and the enhancement was greatly dampened when combined with elevated CO2, although CO2 alone had a small effect. Our analysis suggests caution when extrapolation from current field CO2 enrichment and warming studies to the global scale.

scholarly journals Impacts of Nitrogen Addition on Nitrous Oxide Emission: Model-Data Comparison

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Zhang ◽  
Minna Ma ◽  
Huajun Fang ◽  
Dahe Qin ◽  
Shulan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
N Addition ◽  
N2o Production

Abstract. The contributions of long-lived nitrous oxide (N2O) to the global climate and environment have received increasing attention. Especially, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has substantially increased in recent decades due to extensive use of fossil fuels in industry, which strongly stimulates the N2O emissions of the terrestrial ecosystem. Several models have been developed to simulate N2O emission, but there are still large differences in their N2O emission simulations and responses to atmospheric deposition over global or regional scales. Using observations from N addition experiments in a subtropical forest, this study compared six widely-used N2O models (i.e. DayCENT, DLEM, DNDC, DyN, NOE, and NGAS) to investigate their performances for reproducing N2O emission, and especially the impacts of two types of N additions (i.e. ammonium and nitrate: NH4+ and NO3−, respectively) and two levels (low and high) on N2O emission. In general, the six models reproduced the seasonal variations of N2O emission, but failed to reproduce relatively larger N2O emissions due to NH4+ compared to NO3− additions. Few models indicated larger N2O emission under high N addition levels for both NH4+ and NO3−. Moreover, there were substantial model differences for simulating the ratios of N2O emission from nitrification and denitrification processes due to disagreements in model structures and algorithms. This analysis highlights the need to improve representation of N2O production and diffusion, and the control of soil water-filled pore space on these processes in order to simulate the impacts of N deposition on N2O emission.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Management in a Maize-Groundnut Crop Rotation of Humid Tropics: Effect on N2O Emission

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 320-327
Author(s):  
M.I. Khalil ◽  
A.B. Rosenani ◽  
O. Van Cleemput ◽  
C.I. Fauziah ◽  
J. Shamshuddin
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
N Sources

Development of appropriate land management techniques to attain sustainability and increase the N use efficiency of crops in the tropics has been gaining momentum. The nitrous oxides (N2Os) affect global climate change and its contribution from N and C management systems is of great significance. Thus, N transformations and N2O emission during maize-groundnut crop rotation managed with various N sources were studied. Accumulation of nitrate (NO3 –) and its disappearance happened immediately after addition of various N sources, showing liming effect. The mineral N retained for 2–4 weeks depending on the type and amount of N application. The chicken manure showed rapid nitrification in the first week after application during the fallow period, leading to a maximum N2O flux of 9889 μg N2O-N m–2 day– 1. The same plots showed a residual effect by emitting the highest N2O (4053 μg N2O-N m–2 day– 1) during maize cultivation supplied with a halfrate of N fertilizer. Application of N fertilizer only or in combination with crop residues exhibited either lowered fluxes or caused a sink during the groundnut and fallow periods due to small availability of substrates and/or low water-filled pore space (<40%). The annual N2O emission ranged from 1.41 to 3.94 kg N2O-N ha–1; the highest was estimated from the chicken manure plus crop residues and half-rate of inorganic N-amended plots. Results indicates a greater influence of chicken manure on the N transformations and thereby N2O emission.

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