Oceanic warm cloud layers within multilevel cloud systems observed by satellite measurements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Liu ◽  
Yuhao Ding ◽  
Ping Lao
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Cloud Systems ◽  
Warm Cloud ◽  
Double Layer System

<p>Low-level warm clouds are a major component in multilayered cloud systems and are generally hidden from the top-down view of satellites with passive measurements. By using spaceborne radar data with fine vertical resolution, this study conducts an investigation on oceanic warm clouds embedded in multilayered structures. The occurrences of warm cloud overlapping and the geometric features of several kinds of warm cloud layers are examined. It is found that there are three main types of cloud systems that involve warm cloud layers, including warm single layer clouds, cold-warm double layer clouds and warm-warm double layer clouds. The two types of double layer clouds account for 23% and in the double layer occurrences warm-warm double layer subsets contribute about 13%. The global distribution patterns of these three types differ from each other. Single-layer warm clouds and the lower warm clouds in the cold-warm double layer system have nearly identical geometric parameters, while the upper and lower layer warm clouds in the warm-warm double layer system are distinct from the previous two forms of warm cloud layers. In contrast to the independence of the two cloud layers in cold-warm double layer system, the two kinds of warm cloud layers in the warm-warm double layer system may be coupled. The distance between the two layers in the warm-warm double layer system is weakly dependent on cloud thickness. Given the upper and lower cloud layer with moderate thickness around 1 km, the cloudless gap reaches its maximum exceeding 600 m. As the two cloud layers become even thinner or thicker, the cloudless gap decreases in thickness. It is believed that such knowledge on cloud overlapping is critical for fully understanding the distribution of warm clouds in three-dimensional space. The results derived in this study could help validating cloud results of numerical models, which are indeed three-dimensional in nature. They could also be used to improve the estimation of cloud radiative forcing, since it is affected by cloud occurrences and especially their vertical structures. It should be pointed out that solid explanations for the above cloud features cannot be presented by only using these satellite data themselves. </p>

scholarly journals Characteristics of Oceanic Warm Cloud Layers within Multilevel Cloud Systems Derived by Satellite Measurements

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhao Ding ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Ping Lao
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Multilayered Structures ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Cloud Systems ◽  
Warm Cloud ◽  
Double Layer System

Low-level warm clouds are a major component in multilayered cloud systems and they are generally hidden from the top-down view of satellites with passive measurements. This study conducts an investigation on oceanic warm clouds embedded in multilayered structures by using spaceborne radar data with fine vertical resolution. The occurrences of warm cloud overlapping and the geometric features of several kinds of warm cloud layers are examined. It is found that there are three main types of cloud systems that involve warm cloud layers, including warm single layer clouds, cold-warm double layer clouds, and warm-warm double layer clouds. The two types of double layer clouds account for 23% and in the double layer occurrences warm-warm double layer subsets contribute about 13%. The global distribution patterns of these three types differ from each other. Single-layer warm clouds and the lower warm clouds in the cold-warm double layer system they have nearly identical geometric parameters, while the upper and lower layer warm clouds in the warm-warm double layer system are distinct from the previous two forms of warm cloud layers. In contrast to the independence of the two cloud layers in cold-warm double layer system, the two kinds of warm cloud layers in the warm-warm double layer system may be coupled. The distance between the two layers in the warm-warm double layer system is weakly dependent on cloud thickness. Given the upper and lower cloud layer with moderate thickness of around 1 km, the cloudless gap reaches its maximum when exceeding 600 m. The cloudless gap decreases in thickness as the two cloud layers become even thinner or thicker.

scholarly journals Reflected cracks buildups surveying and process simulation in double-layer asphalt-concrete systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Kamenchukov ◽  
Ilya Ukrainskiy
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Internal Defects ◽  
Layer System ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Double Layer System ◽  
Asphalt Concrete Pavement

The paper studies the matters of multilayer asphalt-concrete systems cracking resistance, specifically we investigated the occurrence and development causes and peculiarities of the reflected cracks. In this study was examined the highways’ state of repair and the prerequisites for the defects formation on the pavement were determined, as well as the regional road structure operation aspect. The authors studied from every angle the causes of internal and external asphalt concrete pavements defects and deformations. The most popular filling of cracks technologies and restoring the pavement are were discussed in this paper, also the experience of roads repairing in the western part of Russia, Europe, and the USA was investigated. The determination results of the formation and develop-ment defects rate on the surface of the operated roads are presented in this article. Cracks in double-layer samples of finegrained asphalt concrete were simulated in laboratory conditions. A prototype model of 10 cm height and diameter were made by molding and densifying in layers, and a crack was laid in the lower layer of the prototype. Af-ter densifying samples were tested for compression. The physical modeling results analysis allows us to assume the dependence between the presence (or ab-sence) of pavement internal defects and the structural solidity. Mathematical modeling of the operation of a double-layer system was performed in the GenIDE32 software package to confirm the hypothesis. Evaluation of the stress-strain state by the finite element method showed the presence of system weakening characteristics zones around the defect area. There is increasing inter-nal stresses and deformations around the crack in a double-layer system, as well as a decrease in the overall system strength (stability). In the end, conclusions about the influence of asphalt-concrete pavement internal defects on the reflected cracks formation pro-cess were drawn.

scholarly journals Six-Year Evaluation of Thermal-Sprayed Coating of Zn/Al in Tropical Marine Environments

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando Salas ◽  
Oladis Troconis de Rincón ◽  
Daniela Rojas ◽  
Adriana Tosaya ◽  
Nathalie Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Erosion Resistance ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Double Layer System ◽  
Sprayed Coating ◽  
Very High

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of thermal-sprayed coating of Zn/Al (double layer) after six years of exposure, with and without the use of sealant (wash primer) in tropical marine environments of very high aggressiveness: La Voz Station (located at the Peninsula de Paraguaná/Falcón State) and Lake Maracaibo Crossing Station (located at Zulia State), in Venezuela. To that effect, carbon steel coupons (100 mm × 150 mm × 2 mm) were sprayed by flame process. The coupons were characterized by means of initial weight, thickness, metallographic, adherence, and roughness, being evaluated monthly by visual inspection during six years. After removal, the coupons were evaluated by microscopic analysis to determine the morphology of attack, microstructure, penetration of contaminants, composition, and morphology of corrosion products. The results showed that after six years, the double-layer system represents an excellent choice for corrosion protection of steel by combining the galvanic protection of zinc with the erosion resistance of aluminum. However, due to the erosion-corrosion effect, a sealant such as wash primer can be used in order to extend its service life.

Normal and oblique projectile impact of double-layered pyramidal lattice truss structures filled with ceramic insertions

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1136-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changye Ni ◽  
Run Hou ◽  
Bin Han ◽  
Feng Jin ◽  
Guowei Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Truss Structures ◽  
Sandwich Plates ◽  
Oblique Angle ◽  
Deformation And Failure ◽  
Fe Simulations ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

Systematic three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to study the ballistic protection performance of double-layer sandwich plates having metallic pyramidal lattice truss cores filled with ceramic prism insertions and void-filling epoxy resin. Both normal and oblique projectile impacts are considered in the FE simulations that are validated against experimental measurements. The ballistic limit velocity, the energy absorbed by key constituting elements and the critical oblique angle corresponding to the transition from ballistic perforation to projectile embedment are calculated. As the oblique angle is increased, the evolution of deformation and failure in the double-layer plates as well as the underlying mechanisms are explored. It is demonstrated that the proposed double-layer sandwich plates outperform both the single-layer sandwich plates and the homogeneous (monolithic) metallic plates having equal total mass, and the top layer (the ceramic insertions in particular) of the double-layer configuration plays a more dominant role in energy absorption.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional water-wave scattering in two-layer fluids

2000 ◽  
Vol 423 ◽  
pp. 155-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. CADBY ◽  
C. M. LINTON
Keyword(s):  
Water Wave ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Finite Depth ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Infinite Layer ◽  
Linear Water Wave Theory ◽  
Submerged Sphere

We consider, using linear water-wave theory, three-dimensional problems concerning the interaction of waves with structures in a fluid which contains a layer of finite depth bounded above by a free surface and below by an infinite layer of fluid of greater density. For such a situation time-harmonic waves can propagate with two different wavenumbers K and k. In a single-layer fluid there are a number of reciprocity relations that exist connecting the various hydrodynamic quantities that arise, and these relations are systematically extended to the two-fluid case. The particular problems of wave radiation and scattering by a submerged sphere in either the upper or lower layer are then solved using multipole expansions.

Simulation of a humidity-sensitive double-layer system

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Gerlach ◽  
Karsten Sager ◽  
Andreas Schroth
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Double Layer System

scholarly journals Route to Cost-Effective Fabrication of Wafer-Scale Nanostructure through Self-Priming Nanoimprint

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Yue Su ◽  
Zhaoxin Geng ◽  
Weihao Fang ◽  
Xiaoqing Lv ◽  
Shicai Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Metal Nanostructures ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Layer System ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Double Layer System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hard Substrates

Nanoimprint technology is powerful for fabricating nanostructures in a large area. However, expensive equipment, high cost, and complex process conditions hinder the application of nano-imprinting technology. Therefore, double-layer self-priming nanoimprint technology was proposed to fabricate ordered metal nanostructures uniformly on 4-inch soft and hard substrates without the aid of expensive instruments. Different nanostructure (gratings, nanoholes and nanoparticles) and different materials (metal and MoS2) were patterned, which shows wide application of double-layer self-priming nanoimprint technology. Moreover, by a double-layer system, the width and the height of metal can be adjusted through the photoresist thickness and developing condition, which provide a programmable way to fabricate different nanostructures using a single mold. The double-layer self-priming nanoimprint method can be applied in poor condition without equipment and be programmable in nanostructure parameters using a single mold, which reduces the cost of instruments and molds.

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