Sulphate soils and the abundance of metals in the surrounding water - a case study from Halland, SW Sweden.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lindgren ◽  
Markus Giese
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Element Abundance ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils

<p>Acid sulphate soils (AS soils) are in literature described as the “nastiest soils in the world” (Dent & Pons, 1995 pg.1) affecting swathes of land around the globe. The changed oxygen conditions in the soil as a result of altered ground water levels, causes a severe decrease in pH, consequently enabling metals to leach out to recipient water streams (e.g. Åström, 2001). In northern Scandinavia, several fish kills have been reported due to leaching AS soils (e.g. Hudd and Kjellmann, 2002) allowing for these areas to be the focal point of prior investigations (e.g. Nordmyr et al., 2008; Lax, 2005; Åström, 2001). However, seasonally lowered local groundwater levels caused by altered temperature and precipitation pattern in Scandinavia increases the need for additional research in southern Scandinavia. Therefore, this study investigates the impacts of AS soils on water chemistry in Halland, SW Sweden; an area previously covered by the Littorina sea. In order to estimate potential metal emissions after a period of low groundwater levels, in situ surface water sampling was conducted from smaller ditches draining an active AS soil into a nearby canal. Additional hydro-chemical parameters, such as pH, redox potential and electric conductivity were simultaneously measured in situ and groundwater data from nearby wells were retrieved. The concentrations of several metals, such as Al, Cu, Fe and V were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument and the total organic carbon (TOC) in the samples were determined. The results provided a clear indication of leaching acids to the surface water, through elevated concentrations of numerous metals, along with a pH of 3.82 - 6.64 in the surface water. Several metals such as Al and Mn, were highly elevated, in some cases close to 100 times higher than the background levels. No signal was found in the groundwater data retrieved, presumably due to the great difference in depth between private wells and the AS soil layer.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Sources:</strong></p><p>Dent, D. L., & Pons, L. J. (1995). A world perspective on acid sulphate soils. Geoderma, 67(3-4), 263-276, DOI: 10.1016/0016-7061(95)00013-E.</p><p>Åström, M. (2001). The effect of acid soil leaching on trace element abundance in a medium-sized stream, W. Finland. Applied Geochemistry, 16(3), 387-396, DOI: 10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00034-2.</p><p>Hudd, R., Kjellman, J., 2002. Bad matching between hatching and acidification: a pitfall for the burbot, Lota lota, off the river Kyrönjoki, Baltic Sea. Fisheries Research 55, 153-160, DOI: 10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00303-4.</p><p>Lax, K. (2005). Stream plant chemistry as indicator of acid sulphate soils in Sweden. Agricultural and Food Science, 14(1), 83-97, DOI: 10.2137/1459606054224165.</p><p>Nordmyr, L., Åström, M., & Peltola, P. (2008). Metal pollution of estuarine sediments caused by leaching of acid sulphate soils. Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, 76(1), 141-152, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.002.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing the Potential Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Water Resources and Soil Salinity in the Nile Delta, Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherien Abdel Aziz ◽  
Martina Zeleňáková ◽  
Peter Mésároš ◽  
Pavol Purcz ◽  
Hany Abd-Elhamid
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
National Income ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Deep Aquifers

Several studies have reported that the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) could have severe effects on the water resources in downstream countries, especially Egypt. These effects include changes in surface water level, groundwater levels in shallow and deep aquifers, saltwater intrusion, and increases in soil salinity, which could affect crop yields. This paper assesses the potential impacts of the GERD on the Nile Delta, Egypt. It includes the effects of reducing surface water levels (SWL) and changing the crop patterns at the groundwater levels (GWL), in addition to the effect of cultivating crops that consume less water on soil salinity. A pilot area is selected in the east of the Nile Delta for the assessment. The results of the study revealed that GWL is directly proportional to SWL. Comparing the case study of 2012, when SWL was reduced by 50%, the GWL decreased from 5.0 m to 2.0 m. After adjustment, the crop patterns from rice to other crops decreased the GWL to 1.30 m. Additionally, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between soil salinity and crop patterns. Soil salinity increased during the cultivation of the Delta with non-rice crops, such as grapes. Salinity increased from 0.45 S/m after 10 years of simulation to 0.48 S/m. This estimation highlights the undesirable effects of the GERD on Egypt’s water resources, soil salinity, crop yields, and national income.

scholarly journals ASSESSING GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USE FOR EXPANDING IRRIGATION IN THE BURITI VERMELHO WATERSHED

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Elise Wendt ◽  
Lineu Neiva Rodrigues ◽  
Roel Dijksma ◽  
Jos C Van Dam
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Management Group ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Potential Use

ASSESSING GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USE FOR EXPANDING IRRIGATION IN THE BURITI VERMELHO WATERSHED  DORIS ELISE WENDT1; LINEU NEIVA RODRIGUES2; ROEL DIJKSMA3; JOS C VAN DAM4 [1] Wageningen University, the Netherlands. [email protected];2Embrapa Cerrados, BR020, km18, CEP 73310970, Planaltina, DF.  [email protected];3 Hydrology and Quantative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. [email protected];4 Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. [email protected];  1 ABSTRACT In Brazil, the increasing middle class has raised food demand substantially. The Brazilian Savannah (Cerrados) is one of the rare places where agriculture can expand and address this new demand without jeopardizing the environment. Cerrados has a strictly divided dry and wet season. The dry season lasts from May to September. This long period contributes to various problems such as water shortages, conflicts and insecure food production. Without irrigation, only two crops can be grown per year in this region. Production suffers with a recurrent drought. Because agricultural production is uncertain, irrigation has an important role in this context, but its expansion is limited by water availability. Water conflicts have already occurred in some watersheds, which may jeopardize agriculture and decrease the livelihood of rural communities. In general, water for irrigation is limited to surface water. Therefore, it is important to investigate alternative sources of water, like groundwater. The purpose of this study is to assess the groundwater potential for expanding the irrigated area in a small-scale catchment (Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brazil). The current water demand was investigated and simulated by an Irrigation Strategies Simulation Model (MSEI). A daily water balance was computed, which quantified catchment storage over time. In addition, groundwater behavior and availability were investigated by recession curve analysis. The irrigated area was changed using two scenarios that showed different effects in both catchment surface water balance and groundwater levels. A decline in groundwater levels is seen in all scenarios one year after the beginning of extra extraction. With time, water levels may decline beyond the natural recovery capacity, which will certainly penalize poorer farmers and result in areas being taken out of agricultural production. Keywords: Base flow Recession, Catchment Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Crop Water Productivity  WENDT, D.E.; RODRIGUES, L.N.; DIJKSMA, R.; DAM, J.C. VANAVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE USO DA ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA PARA EXPANSÃO DA IRRIGAÇÃO NA BACIA DO BURITI VERMELHO   2 RESUMO A demanda por alimentos no Brasil cresceu substancialmente devido, entre outras coisas, ao aumento da classe média. O Cerrado brasileiro é um dos poucos lugares no país onde a agricultura ainda pode expandir e atender a essa nova demanda, sem comprometer o meio ambiente. A região do Cerrado possui duas estações climáticas bem definidas, uma seca e outra chuvosa. O longo período da estação seca, que vai de maio a setembro, contribui para o surgimento de vários problemas, entre eles restrições hídricas, conflitos e insegurança na produção de alimentos. Sem irrigação, apenas dois plantios podem ser feitos por ano. Os cultivos sofrem com os veranicos e a produção é incerta. A irrigação é de fundamental importância nesse contexto, mas sua expansão é limitada pela disponibilidade de água. Em algumas bacias hidrográficas já se observam a ocorrência de conflitos, que podem comprometer a agricultura irrigada e a qualidade de vida das comunidades rurais. De maneira geral, a água para irrigação é de superfície. Desta forma, é importante investigar fontes alternativas de água, com vista ao crescimento da irrigação, tais como a água subterrânea. O Objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a viabilidade de se utilizar água subterrânea para expandir a agricultura irrigada na bacia hidrográfica do Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brasil. A demanda atual de água foi estimada por meio de um modelo de simulação de estratégias de irrigação (MSEI). Um balanço diário da água no solo foi realizado. O comportamento e a disponibilidade de água subterrânea foram avaliados por meio de uma análise da curva de recessão. Para fins da análise, foram utilizados três cenários de área irrigada, que indicaram diferentes efeitos tanto no perfil do balanço de água no solo quanto no nível do lençol freático. Nos três cenários avaliados, em apenas um ano após a expansão da área irrigada, verificou-se um rebaixamento do lençol freático, que pode atingir níveis abaixo da sua capacidade natural de recuperação. Esse rebaixamento penalizará principalmente os agricultores menores. Em alguns casos haverá necessidade de interromper a produção em algumas áreas. Palavras-chave: Curva de recessão, hidrologia, hidrogeologia, produtividade do uso da água

scholarly journals Impacts of groundwater extraction on groundwater flow and arsenic distribution in the western Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 09037
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Huaming Guo ◽  
Weiguang Zhao ◽  
Haicheng Weng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Labile Organic Matter ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Arsenic Distribution ◽  
Geochemical Parameters

Temporal variations in water levels are crucial for understanding As behaviour in groundwater systems. Groundwater levels were recorded in irrigation wells in non-irrigation and irrigation seasons. Groundwater samples were collected yearly in irrigation wells from 2014 to 2016 and in a multilevel well from 2015 to 2016 for analysing geochemical parameters. Results showed that groundwater flow direction was reversed due to groundwater pumping. The change of groundwater flow led to the surface water, as a new groundwater recharge source, which flushed the near-surface sediments enriched in soluble components and increased groundwater TDS. The labile organic matter introduced by the surface water recharge fueled dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxides and further increased groundwater As concentration.

scholarly journals REAKCJA WÓD POWIERZCHNIOWYCH I PODZIEMNYCH NA OPADY W ZLEWNI RÓŻANEGO STRUMIENIA

1970 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
ALEKSANDRA CZUCHAJ ◽  
FILIP WOLNY ◽  
MAREK MARCINIAK
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Groundwater Levels

The aim of the presented research was to analyze the relation between three variables: the daily sum of precipitation, the surface water level and the groundwater level in the Różany Strumień basin located in Poznań, Poland. The correlation coefficient for the subsequent lags for each pair of variables time series has been calculated. The delay with which waters of the basin respond to precipitation varies significantly. Generally, stronger response to rainfall is observed for surface water levels as opposed to groundwater levels.

scholarly journals Water Level and the Potentials for Wetland Formation and Sustainability in Lower Ogun River Floodplain, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041-1044
Author(s):  
I.A. Ogunyemi ◽  
O. Oguntoke ◽  
C.O. Adeofun
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Wetland Management ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ogun River

Identification, delineation and monitoring of wetlands which requires the understanding and application of their ecological characteristics are critical factors in wetland management and conservation. This study assessed the potentials of wetland formation and sustainability in the lower Ogun river basin by determining the levels of surface and ground water. The study area was divided into 1 km2 grids of 67 units using 0.052 %  sampling intensity for the assessments in dry and wet seasons. Monthly water table levels were assessed in 50 cm soil pit while inundation levels were measured during the flooding event using staff gauge. Assessment was carried out for one year during which frequency and periodicity of water table and inundation events were recorded. Results revealed that low water table level ranged from 5 to 45cm of soil depth and occurred between August and September within 6 grids. Water table and surface water was recorded within a period of 2 – 10 weeks during the rainy season. The peak of water levels coincided with the peak of precipitation (> 200 mm) ranging from 30 to 280 cm between September and October while covering 28.75 km2. Conclusively, surface and groundwater levels were recorded during the rainy season having direct variation with the volume of  precipitation for a duration that is long enough to support the formation of wetland hydrophytes and hydric soil. Keywords: Wetlands; Hydrology; Ground water; Surface water; Inundation; Precipitation

scholarly journals Modelling surface water-groundwater interactions at the Palas Basin (Turkey) using FREEWAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Dadaser-Celik ◽  
Mete Celik
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Lake Ecosystem ◽  
Groundwater Pumping ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Pumping Rates

Palas Basin is a semi-arid closed basin located in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The major economic activity in the basin is agriculture; therefore, both surface water and groundwater are used for irrigation. However, intensive use of water resources threatens the hydrologic sustainability of a lake ecosystem (Tuzla Lake) located in the basin. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between agricultural water uses in the Palas Basin and water flows to the Tuzla Lake using groundwater flow model developed with the FREEWAT platform. The model grid with 250 m x 250 m resolution was created based on the entire watershed. Two hydrostratigraphic units were identified. The source terms defined in the model were rainfall recharge and the sink terms were evapotranspiration and wells. The model was run for one year at steady state conditions. Three scenarios were simulated to understand the effect of groundwater use on the lake hydrology. The first scenario assumed that there was no groundwater abstraction. As the second and third water management scenario, the model was run with 50% less and %50 more groundwater abstraction than that of the reference conditions. The model successfully simulated the direction of groundwater flow and groundwater levels in the basin. Annual groundwater recharge was simulated as 5.27 million m3. Groundwater losses were due to pumping (1.49 million m3/yr), leakance to Değirmen River (2.25 million m3/yr) and seepage to Tuzla Lake (1.53 million m3/yr). Water flows to Tuzla Lake were significantly related to pumping rates. Increasing groundwater pumping rates reduces groundwater flows to Tuzla Lake and lowers lake water levels. No groundwater abstraction and reduction in groundwater pumping rates increase water flows to Tuzla Lake and cause higher water levels. This analysis showed that protection of hydrologic characteristics of Tuzla Lake is only possible with more control on groundwater abstraction.

scholarly journals Quantification of surface water volume changes in the Mackenzie Delta using satellite multi-mission data

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1543-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Normandin ◽  
Frédéric Frappart ◽  
Bertrand Lubac ◽  
Simon Bélanger ◽  
Vincent Marieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Mackenzie Delta ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Upstream Part ◽  
Flooded Area ◽  
Water Height

Abstract. Quantification of surface water storage in extensive floodplains and their dynamics are crucial for a better understanding of global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we present estimates of both surface water extent and storage combining multi-mission remotely sensed observations and their temporal evolution over more than 15 years in the Mackenzie Delta. The Mackenzie Delta is located in the northwest of Canada and is the second largest delta in the Arctic Ocean. The delta is frozen from October to May and the recurrent ice break-up provokes an increase in the river's flows. Thus, this phenomenon causes intensive floods along the delta every year, with dramatic environmental impacts. In this study, the dynamics of surface water extent and volume are analysed from 2000 to 2015 by combining multi-satellite information from MODIS multispectral images at 500 m spatial resolution and river stages derived from ERS-2 (1995–2003), ENVISAT (2002–2010) and SARAL (since 2013) altimetry data. The surface water extent (permanent water and flooded area) peaked in June with an area of 9600 km2 (±200 km2) on average, representing approximately 70 % of the delta's total surface. Altimetry-based water levels exhibit annual amplitudes ranging from 4 m in the downstream part to more than 10 m in the upstream part of the Mackenzie Delta. A high overall correlation between the satellite-derived and in situ water heights (R > 0.84) is found for the three altimetry missions. Finally, using altimetry-based water levels and MODIS-derived surface water extents, maps of interpolated water heights over the surface water extents are produced. Results indicate a high variability of the water height magnitude that can reach 10 m compared to the lowest water height in the upstream part of the delta during the flood peak in June. Furthermore, the total surface water volume is estimated and shows an annual variation of approximately 8.5 km3 during the whole study period, with a maximum of 14.4 km3 observed in 2006. The good agreement between the total surface water volume retrievals and in situ river discharges (R= 0.66) allows for validation of this innovative multi-mission approach and highlights the high potential to study the surface water extent dynamics.

scholarly journals Potential and Limitations of Satellite Altimetry Constellations for Monitoring Surface Water Storage Changes—A Case Study in the Mississippi Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3320
Author(s):  
Denise Dettmering ◽  
Laura Ellenbeck ◽  
Daniel Scherer ◽  
Christian Schwatke ◽  
Christoph Niemann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Satellite Altimetry ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Ocean Topography

Remote sensing data are essential for monitoring the Earth’s surface waters, especially since the amount of publicly available in-situ data is declining. Satellite altimetry provides valuable information on the water levels and variations of lakes, reservoirs and rivers. In combination with satellite imagery, the derived time series allow the monitoring of lake storage changes and river discharge. However, satellite altimetry is limited in terms of its spatial resolution due to its measurement geometry, only providing information in the nadir direction beneath the satellite’s orbit. In a case study in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB), this study investigates the potential and limitations of past and current satellite missions for the monitoring of basin-wide storage changes. For that purpose, an automated target detection is developed and the extracted lake surfaces are merged with the satellites’ tracks. This reveals that the current altimeter configuration misses about 80% of all lakes larger than 0.1 km2 in the MRB and 20% of lakes larger than 10 km2, corresponding to 30% and 7% of the total water area, respectively. Past altimetry configurations perform even more poorly. From the larger water bodies represented by a global hydrology model, at least 91% of targets and 98% of storage changes are captured by the current altimeter configuration. This will improve significantly with the launch of the planned Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission.

scholarly journals Quantification of surface water volume changes in the Mackenzie Delta using satellite multi-mission data

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Normandin ◽  
Frédéric Frappart ◽  
Bertrand Lubac ◽  
Simon Bélanger ◽  
Vincent Marieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Mackenzie Delta ◽  
North West ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Upstream Part ◽  
Water Height

Abstract. Quantification of surface water storage in extensive floodplains and their dynamics are crucial for a better understanding of global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we present estimates of both surface water extent and storage combining multi-missions remotely-sensed observations and their temporal evolution over more than 15 years in the Mackenzie Delta. The Mackenzie Delta is located in the North West of Canada and is the second largest delta in the Arctic Ocean. The delta is frozen from October to May and the recurrent ice break up provokes an increase of the river's flows. Thus, this phenomenon causes intensive floods along the delta every year with dramatic environmental impacts. In this study, the dynamics of surface water extent and volume analyzed from 2000 to 2015 by combining multi-satellite information from MODIS multispectral images at 500 m spatial resolution and river stages derived from ERS-2 (1995–2003), ENVISAT (2002–2010) and SARAL (since 2013) altimetry data. The surface water extent (permanent water and flooded area) peaked in June with an area of 9,600 km2 (±200 km2) on average, representing approximately 70 % of the delta's total surface. Altimetry-based water levels exhibit annual amplitudes ranging from 4 m in the downstream part to more than 10 m in the upstream part of the Mackenzie Delta. A high overall correlation between the satellite-derived and in situ water heights (R>0.84) is found for the three altimetry missions. Finally, using altimetry-based water levels and MODIS-derived surface water extents, maps of interpolated water heights over the surface water extents are produced. Results indicate a high variability of the water height magnitude that can reach 10 meters compared to the lowest water height in the upstream part of the delta during the flood peak in June. Furthermore, the total surface water volume is estimated and shows an annual variation of approximately 8.5 km3 during the whole study period, with a maximum of 14.4 km3 observed in 2006. The good agreement between the total surface water volume retrievals and in situ river discharges (R=0.66) allows validating this innovative multi-mission approach and highlights the high potential to study the surface water extent dynamics.

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