Optimal design and Levelized Cost of Electricity of 100% solar power microgrids in Africa: robustness and sensitivity to meteorological and economical drivers. 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théo Chamarande ◽  
Benoit Hingray ◽  
Sandrine Mathy ◽  
Nicolas Plain
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Pv Panel ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
Solar Resource

<p>Autonomous micro-grids based on solar photovoltaic (PV) are one of the most promising solution to bring electricity access in many off-grid regions worldwide. The sizing of these microgrids is not straightforward. It is especially highly sensitive to the multiscale variability of the solar resource, from sub-daily to seasonal times scales (cf. Plain et al. 2019). Because of this, achieving a given level of service quality requires to provision 1) storage and 2) extra PV production capacity, the main challenge being to also deliver electricity during times with no solar resource (night) and during periods with low solar resource (e.g. winter). Different storage / PV panel sizes can produce the same level of service quality. The optimal design is typically identified to minimize the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The cost optimization however obviously relies on a number of technical and economic hypothesis that come with large uncertainties, such as the installation and maintenance costs of both PV and batteries, the system lifetime or the temporal profile of the electricity load.</p><p>This work explores the robustness of the optimal sizing to variations of different such parameters. Using irradiance data from Heliosat SARAH2 and temperatures from ERA5 reanalysis, we simulate the hourly solar PV production of a generic array of PV panels for 200 locations in Africa over a 8-years period. We then identify the configurations (storage, PV panel surface) for which 95% of demand hours are satisfied. For different PV/storage costs’ ratios and different electrical demand profiles, we then identify the configuration with the lowest LCOE.</p><p>Our result show that the optimal configuration is highly dependent on the characteristics of the resource, and especially on its co-variability structure with the electric demand on different timescales (seasonal, day-to-day, infra-day). It is conversely very robust to changes to costs hypotheses.</p><p>These results have important practical implications. They especially allow us to propose simple design rules that are based on the only characteristics of the solar resource and electrical demand. The storage capacity can be estimated from the 20% percentile of the daily nocturnal demand and the PV surface area can be estimated from the mean daily demand and the standard deviation of the mean daily solar energy.</p><p>These rules are very robust. They allow to guess the optimal configuration for different costs’ ratios with a good precision. The normalized root mean square error is 0.17 for the PV capacity, 0.07 for storage capacity and 0.02 for LCOE.</p><p>Plain, N., Hingray, B., Mathy, S., 2019. Accounting for low solar resource days to size 100% solar microgrids power systems in Africa. Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.036</p>

Optimal design and Levelized Cost of Electricity of 100% solar power microgrids in Africa: robustness and sensitivity to meteorological and economical drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Plain ◽  
Sandrine mathy ◽  
Benoit Hingray
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Pv Panel ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Institutional Actors

<p>To accelerate the rate of electrification in remote places of sub-Saharan Africa and to be coherent with the COP21 Paris agreement, different studies propose the development of autonomous solar microgrid which have a moderate levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) while ensuring a good quality of service. This LCOE directly depends on the storage and PV oversizing needs required locally. In the present work, using high resolution satellite irradiance data for 20 years period and considering load curves for a panel of productive/domestic uses configurations, we show that the optimal design required locally (storage capacity/oversizing level of PV panel fleet) first depends on the temporal pattern of the demand and are typically lower when the demand is based on productive uses rather than domestic. It next depends on the level of the temporal resource/demand adequacy which typically varies in space according to the local climate features.</p><p>The costs of batteries, solar panels and the discount rates, obviously significantly determine the LCOE to be achieved with a given microgrid. These economical drivers could also influence the optimal storage/PV oversizing configuration. We further explore the sensitivity of the optimal design to such drivers. This sensitivity could have obviously important implications for all operational and institutional actors involved in the development of such systems in this area. We explore how this sensitivity varies in space and where the optimal design obtained with chosen values of those economical drivers can be considered as robust.</p>

scholarly journals Optimization of 100 MWe Parabolic-Trough Solar-Thermal Power Plants Under Regulated and Deregulated Electricity Market Conditions

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llamas ◽  
Bullejos ◽  
Ruiz de Adana
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Parabolic Trough ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Solar Thermal Power ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Plant Configuration

Parabolic-trough solar-thermal power-plant investments are subordinate to radiation availability, thermal-energy storage capacity, and dynamic behavior. Their integration into electricity markets is made by minimizing grid-connection costs, thus improving energy-availability and economic-efficiency levels. In this context, this work analyzes the sizing-investment adequacy of a 100 MWe parabolic-trough solar-thermal power plant regarding solar resources and thermal energy into power-block availability for both regulated and deregulated electricity markets. For this proposal, the design of a mathematical model for the optimal operation of parabolic-trough power plants with thermal storage by two tanks of molten salt is described. Model calibration is made by using a currently operated plant. Solar-resource availability is studied in three different radiation scenarios. The levelized cost of electricity and production profit relating to the investment cost are used to analyze plant sustainability. Thus, the levelized cost of electricity shows the best plant configuration for each radiation scenario within a regulated market. For deregulated markets, the optimal plant configuration tends to enhance the solar multiple and thermal-storage capacity thanks to an increment on selling profit. The gross average annual benefit for electricity generation of deregulated against regulated markets exceeds 21% in all radiation areas under study.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Analysis of Candidate Oxide Materials for Thermochemical Storage in Concentrating Solar Power Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiner Buck ◽  
Christos Agrafiotis ◽  
Stefania Tescari ◽  
Nicole Neumann ◽  
Martin Schmücker
Keyword(s):  
Steam Generator ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Oxide Materials ◽  
Concentrating Solar Power ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
System Cost ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Solar Power Plants

The thermal storage capability is an important asset of state-of-the-art concentrating solar power plants. The use of thermochemical materials, such as redox oxides, for hybrid sensible/thermochemical storage in solar power plants offers the potential for higher specific volume and mass storage capacity and as a consequence reduced levelized cost of electricity making such plants more competitive. For the techno-economic system analysis, three candidate redox materials were analyzed for their cost reduction potential: cobalt-based, manganese–iron–based, and perovskite-based oxide materials. As a reference process the use of inert commercial bauxite particles (sensible-only storage) was considered. A solar thermal power plant with a nominal power of 125 MWe and a storage capacity of 12 h was assumed for the analysis. For each storage material a plant layout was made, taking the specific thermophysical properties of the material into account. Based on this layout a particle break-even cost for the specific material was determined, at which levelized cost of electricity parity is achieved with the reference system. Cost factors mainly influenced by the material selection are storage cost and steam generator cost. The particle transport system cost has only a minor impact. The results show differences in the characteristics of the materials, for example, regarding the impact on storage size and cost and the steam generator cost. Regarding the economic potential of the candidate redox materials, the perovskite-based particles promise to have advantages, as they might be produced from inexpensive raw materials.

Analisis Kualitas Pelayanan Dalam Pelaksanaan Tera Dan Tera Ulang Alat Ukur, Timbang, Takar Dan Perlengkapannya (UTTP) Pada Bidang Perdagangan Dinas Koperasi, Perindustrian Dan Perdagangan Kabupaten Pacitan

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Susi Minarsih ◽  
Ary Sutrischastini
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Analysis Instrument ◽  
Service Execution ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
Convenience Sampling

The aims of this study are to measure the level of service quality and how to improve the quality of service execution in re-measurement tera and tera of UTTP in Commerce On duty Co-Operation, Industrial and Commerce Of Sub-Province of Pacitan. This research’s object is traditional market of Minulyo Pacitan as mains market in Sub-Province of Pacitan with 100 perpetrator people of sample as user/owner of UTTP (ukur,timbang, takar, dan perlengkapannya) with method intake of sampel by Convenience Sampling. The technique of collecting data uses questionnaires and direct interview. This research use qualitative analysis instrument test of validity and reliability to know valid or not and reliabel or not about the questions of questionnaire. Then, this research was done with Servqual method as instrument to do measurement of service quality. The measurement of service quality in Servqual method pursuant to five service dimension that is tangibles, responsiveness, realibility, assurance, and empathy. This research will be measured of gap 5 that is difference among performance and its expectation. Ad for yielded gap from a enumeration of Servqual 5 gap, -146 progressively lower him mount the quality of given service activities. Therefore, its needs the existence of priority repair of service quality, in this case is service of remeasurement tera and tera of UTTP at biggest difference or gap that is at variable of Responsiveness ( Energy Listen carefully) and attribute that has smallest difference that is – 0.44 at dimension question of variable of Tangibles ( Evidence Physical). Keyword: Quality Of Service, Method of Service Quality.

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Nasabah Tabungan Britama Pada Bank BRI Cabang Fatmawati

Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Viva Faronika ◽  
Asriyal Asriyal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Service Policies ◽  
Improve Service Quality ◽  
Relationship Of

If the customer is greater than acceptable level of service, the cutomer is not satisfied. Conversely, if an acceptable level of service greater than the expectations of customers, the customer will be satisfied. This means that if Bank BRI branch Fatmawati can improve service quality to its customer it will affect the level of satisfaction. In this research found evidence that, in terms of the creation of quality services, Bank BRI branch Fatmawati is one of the branches that participate to implement the established policies and service in accordance with the exiting service standard in the banking world. Amount of influence the determination of quality of service policies applied by the Bank BRI branch Fatmawati indicated by r2. r2 value only 45 % and the rest 55 % influenced by other variables not studied. Meanwhile, the variable relationship of service quality to customer satisfaction can be seen from the values r = 0,67. This shows the value of the correlation coefficient between the variables of service quality to customer satisfaction. This means there are strong relationships between the independent variable X (quality of service) to the dependent variable Y (customer satisfaction). Since r = 0,67 (67 %) greater then 50 %.

scholarly journals Utility-Scale PV-Battery versus CSP-Thermal Storage in Morocco: Storage and Cost Effect under Penetration Scenarios

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4675
Author(s):  
Ayat-allah Bouramdane ◽  
Alexis Tantet ◽  
Philippe Drobinski
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermal Storage ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Maximum Cost ◽  
Pv Inverter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Variance Portfolio ◽  
Utility Scale

In this study, we examine how Battery Storage (BES) and Thermal Storage (TES) combined with solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies with an increased storage duration and rental cost together with diversification would influence the Moroccan mix and to what extent the variability (i.e., adequacy risk) can be reduced; this is done using recent (2013) cost data and under various penetration scenarios. To do this, we use MERRA-2 climate reanalysis to simulate hourly demand and capacity factors (CFs) of wind, solar PV and CSP without and with increasing storage capabilities—as defined by the CSP Solar Multiple (SM) and PV Inverter Loading Ratio (ILR). We adjust these time series to observations for the four Moroccan electrical zones over the year 2018. Our objective is to maximize the renewable (RE) penetration and minimize the imbalances between RE production and consumption considering three optimization strategies. We analyze mixes along Pareto fronts using the Mean-Variance Portfolio approach—implemented in the E4CLIM model—in which we add a maximum-cost constraint to take into account the different rental costs of wind, PV and CSP. We propose a method to calculate the rental cost of storage and production technologies taking into account the constraints on storage associated with the increase of SM and ILR in the added PV-BES and CSP-TES modules, keeping the mean solar CFs fixed. We perform some load bands-reduction diagnostics to assess the reliability benefits provided by each RE technology. We find that, at low penetrations, the maximum-cost budget is not reached because a small capacity is needed. The higher the ILR for PV, the larger the share of PV in the mix compared to wind and CSP without storage is removed completely. Between PV-BES and CSP-TES, the latter is preferred as it has larger storage capacity and thus stronger impact in reducing the adequacy risk. As additional BES are installed, more than TES, PV-BES is favored. At high penetrations, optimal mixes are impacted by cost, the more so as CSP (resp., PV) with high SM (resp., ILR) are installed. Wind is preferably installed due to its high mean CF compared to cost, followed by either PV-BES or CSP/CSP-TES. Scenarios without or with medium storage capacity favor CSP/CSP-TES, while high storage duration scenarios are dominated by low-cost PV-BES. However, scenarios ignoring the storage cost and constraints provide more weight to PV-BES whatever the penetration level. We also show that significant reduction of RE variability can only be achieved through geographical diversification. Technological complementarity may only help to reduce the variance when PV and CSP are both installed without or with a small amount of storage. However, the diversification effect is slightly smaller when the SM and ILR are increased and the covariances are reduced as well since mixes become less diversified.

Optimizing the level of service quality of a bike-sharing system

Omega ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Alvarez-Valdes ◽  
Jose M. Belenguer ◽  
Enrique Benavent ◽  
Jose D. Bermudez ◽  
Facundo Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Bike Sharing
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