Evapotranspiration and CO2 exchange of wet and snow-loaded canopy in an evergreen temperate coniferous forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linjie Jiao ◽  
Yoshiko Kosugi ◽  
Yuichi Sempuku ◽  
Ayaka Sakabe ◽  
Ting-Wei Chang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Monsoon Area

<p>Learning about the gas exchange dynamic (evapotranspiration and photosynthesis) relating to precipitation and leaf wetness is important for understanding the forest hydrological and carbon sink function. Precipitation can lead to the change in meteorological factors, depression on leaf gas exchange as well as increasing CO<sub>2</sub> emission from soil. However, few studies fully consider the effect of these changes in ecosystem scale.</p><p>This study conducted continuous eddy covariance measurement over a temperate evergreen Japanese cypress forest canopy in the Asian monsoon area from 2016 to 2019. By applying the eddy covariance method with the enclosed path gas analyzer, evapotranspiration and CO<sub>2</sub> exchange from the canopy to the atmosphere during and after rainfall and snow are precisely monitored. The chamber method is used to simultaneously measure the soil respiration. Especially, to reveal the mechanism of wet canopy gas exchange mechanism, a SVAT multilayer model with two rainfall interception solution (Model 1: free gas exchange with interception only by the adaxial surface; Model 2: no gas exchange with interception by both surfaces) is applied to figure out the interception distribution over the leaf surface.</p><p>The annual average daytime latent heat flux (λE) was 70.92 W m<sup>-2</sup>, 22.31 W m<sup>-2</sup>, 139.40 W m<sup>-2</sup> for wet canopy, snow-loaded canopy and the first 6 hours after wetness ended; the annual average daytime net ecosystem exchange was -1.9 μmol m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>, -0.42 μmol m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>, -7.43 μmol m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> for wet canopy, snow-loaded canopy and the first 6 hours after wetness ended. Correspondingly, the annual average daytime soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux was 2.53 μmol m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>, 0.26 μmol m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>, 2.93 μmol m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> when the canopy was wet, snow-loaded and during the first 6 hours after wetness ended. The gas exchange at the first 6 hours after wet is more active than that of wet canopy and snow-loaded canopy despite rainfall increased the CO<sub>2</sub> emission from the soil. Both measured data and simulation show the wet canopy can process gas exchange. The simulation showed that both interception situations are possible to happen but Model 1 is more suitable for this temperate forest. Meanwhile, the difference between the two models’ performance is smaller during the rainfall than in the wet period after the rainfall, which means interception distribution had a larger impact on wet canopy gas exchange at the later wet period. Future studies should also concern about the mechanism and effect of gas exchange dynamics relating to different precipitation patterns and water sources for latent heat flux.</p>

scholarly journals Quantifying the thermodynamic entropy budget of the land surface: is this useful?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Brunsell ◽  
S. J. Schymanski ◽  
A. Kleidon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Thermodynamic Entropy ◽  
Entropy Budget

Abstract. As a system is moved away from a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, spatial and temporal heterogeneity is induced. A possible methodology to assess these impacts is to examine the thermodynamic entropy budget and assess the role of entropy production and transfer between the surface and the atmosphere. Here, we adopted this thermodynamic framework to examine the implications of changing vegetation fractional cover on land surface energy exchange processes using the NOAH land surface model and eddy covariance observations. Simulations that varied the relative fraction of vegetation were used to calculate the resultant entropy budget as a function of fraction of vegetation. Results showed that increasing vegetation fraction increases entropy production by the land surface while decreasing the overall entropy budget (the rate of change in entropy at the surface). This is accomplished largely via simultaneous increase in the entropy production associated with the absorption of solar radiation and a decline in the Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible to latent heat flux), which leads to increasing the entropy export associated with the latent heat flux during the daylight hours and dominated by entropy transfer associated with sensible heat and soil heat fluxes during the nighttime hours. Eddy covariance observations also show that the entropy production has a consistent sensitivity to land cover, while the overall entropy budget appears most related to the net radiation at the surface, however with a large variance. This implies that quantifying the thermodynamic entropy budget and entropy production is a useful metric for assessing biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere system interactions.

scholarly journals Quantifying the thermodynamic entropy budget of the land surface: is this useful?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-103
Author(s):  
N. A. Brunsell ◽  
S. J. Schymanski ◽  
A. Kleidon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Thermodynamic Entropy ◽  
Entropy Budget

Abstract. As a system is moved away from a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, spatial and temporal heterogeneity is induced. A possible methodology to assess these impacts is to examine the thermodynamic entropy budget and assess the role of entropy production and transfer between the surface and the atmosphere. Here, we adopted this thermodynamic framework to examine the implications of changing vegetation fractional cover on land surface energy exchange processes using the NOAH land surface model and eddy covariance observations. Simulations that varied the relative fraction of vegetation were used to calculate the resultant entropy budget as a function of fraction of vegetation. Results showed that increasing vegetation fraction increases entropy production by the land surface while decreasing the overall entropy budget (the rate of change in entropy at the surface). This is accomplished largely via simultaneous increase in the entropy production associated with the absorption of solar radiation and a decline in the Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible to latent heat flux), which leads to increasing the entropy export associated with the latent heat flux during the daylight hours and dominated by entropy transfer associated with sensible heat and soil heat fluxes during the nighttime hours. Eddy covariance observations also show that the entropy production has a consistent sensitivity to land cover, while the overall entropy budget appears most related to the net radiation at the surface. This implies that quantifying the thermodynamic entropy budget and entropy production is a useful metric for assessing biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere system interactions.

scholarly journals Application of the Flux-Variance Technique for Evapotranspiration Estimates in Three Types of Agricultural Structures

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ori Ahiman ◽  
Yonatan Mekhmandarov ◽  
Moran Pirkner ◽  
Josef Tanny
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Turbulent Transport ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Energy Balance Closure ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Simple Method

Irrigation of protected crops requires sound knowledge of evapotranspiration. Previous studies have established that the eddy-covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy-covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and postprocessing of data, thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this paper is the evaluation of a turbulent transport technique, the flux variance (FV), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures. Measurements were carried out in three types of agricultural structures: (i) a banana plantation in a light-shading (8%) screenhouse (S1), (ii) a pepper crop in an insect-proof (50-mesh) screenhouse (S2), and (iii) a tomato crop in a naturally ventilated greenhouse with a plastic roof and 50-mesh screened sidewalls (S3). Quality control analysis of the EC data showed that turbulence development and flow stationarity conditions in the three structures were suitable for flux measurements. However, within the insect-proof screenhouse (below the screen) and the plastic-covered greenhouse, R2 of the energy balance closure was poor; hence, the alternative simple method could not be used. Results showed that the FV technique was suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses with R2 of the regressions between FV latent heat flux and latent heat flux deduced from energy balance closure of 0.99 and 0.92 during validation for S1 and S2, respectively.

scholarly journals The effect of chalk representation in land surface modelling

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostaquimur Rahman ◽  
Rafael Rosolem
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Unsaturated Zone ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Surface Mass

Abstract. Modelling and monitoring of hydrological processes in the unsaturated zone of the chalk, which is a porous medium with fractures, is important to optimize water resources assessment and management practices in the United Kingdom (UK). However, efficient simulations of water movement through chalk unsaturated zone is difficult mainly due to the fractured nature of chalk, which creates high-velocity preferential flow paths in the subsurface. Complex hydrology in the chalk aquifers may also influence land surface mass and energy fluxes because processes in the hydrological cycle are connected via non-linear feedback mechanisms. In this study, it is hypothesized that explicit representation of chalk hydrology in a land surface model influences land surface processes by affecting water movement through the shallow subsurface. In order to substantiate this hypothesis, a macroporosity parameterization is implemented in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), which is applied on a study area encompassing the Kennet catchment in the Southern UK. The simulation results are evaluated using field measurements and satellite remote sensing observations of various fluxes and states in the hydrological cycle (e.g., soil moisture, runoff, latent heat flux) at two distinct spatial scales (i.e., point and catchment). The results reveal the influence of representing chalk hydrology on land surface mass and energy balance components such as surface runoff and latent heat flux via subsurface processes (i.e., soil moisture dynamics) in JULES, which corroborates the proposed hypothesis.

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