Source reconstruction of the 1969 Sulawesi, Indonesia earthquake and tsunami

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignatius Ryan Pranantyo ◽  
Athanasius Cipta ◽  
Hasbi Shiddiqi ◽  
Mohammad Heidarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Source Reconstruction ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Earthquake Focal Mechanism ◽  
Ground Motion Modelling ◽  
First Motion ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Distribution Distance

<p>An M7.0 earthquake followed by moderate tsunami destructed Majene region, western Sulawesi on 23 February 1969. This event claimed at least 64 lives and caused severe damage to infrastructure. In this study, we reconstructed the earthquake and tsunami source of this event by optimising macroseismic and tsunami dataset reported as well as analysed the earthquake focal mechanism. We estimated that the maximum intensity of the earthquake was VIII (in Modified Mercalli Intensity). From the first motion polarity analysis, the earthquake had a thrust mechanism which was plausibly from the Makassar Thrust. Further, deterministic ground motion modelling successfully fits the intensity data. However, thrust earthquake from the Makassar Thrust was unable to reconstruct 4 m tsunami height observed at Pelattoang. The estimated ratio between maximum tsunami run-up height and lateral distribution distance (<em>I<sub>2</sub></em>) from the dataset indicates that the tsunami was generated by a local coastal landslide.</p><p>(This study is funded by the Royal Society (UK) grant number CHL/R1/180173)</p>

Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Run-Up and Inundation for the 2011 Tōhuku-Oki Tsunami: A Parametric Analysis for Tsunami Run-Up and Wave Height

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashis Basu ◽  
Robert Sewell ◽  
Kaushik Das ◽  
Ron Janetzke ◽  
Biswajit Dasgupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Wave Amplification ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

This paper presents computational results for predicting earthquake-generated tsunami from a developed integrated computational framework. The computational framework encompasses the entire spectrum of modeling the earthquake-generated tsunami source, open-sea wave propagation, and wave run-up including inundation and on-shore effects. The present work develops a simplified source model based on pertinent local geologic and tectonic processes, observed seismic data (i.e., data obtained by inversion of seismic waves from seismographic measurements), and geodetic data (i.e., directly measured seafloor and land deformations). These source models estimated configurations of seafloor deformation used as initial waveforms in tsunami simulations. Together with sufficiently accurate and resolved bathymetric and topographic data, they provided the inputs needed to numerically simulate tsunami wave propagation, inundation and coastal impact. The present work systematically analyzes the effect of the tsunami source model on predicted tsunami behavior and the associated variability for the 2011 Tōhuku-Oki tsunami. Simulations were carried out for the 2011 Tōhuku -Oki Tsunami that took place on March 11, 2011, from an MW 9.1 earthquake. The numerical simulations were performed using the fully nonlinear Boussinesq hydrodynamics code, FUNWAVE-TVD (distributed by the University of Delaware). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was also carried out to study the effect of earthquake magnitude on the predicted wave height. The effect of coastal structure on the wave amplification at the shore is also studied. Simulated tsunami results for wave heights are compared to the available observational data from GPS (Global Positioning System) at the central Miyagi location.

scholarly journals Tsunami Potential Due To Strike-Slip Earthquake Affected by Submarine Landslide

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiko Setyonegoro
Keyword(s):  
Strike Slip ◽  
Submarine Landslide ◽  
Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
First Case ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Seafloor Deformation ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

The most of earthquakes in the western part of North of Sumatra, Indonesia have tsunami potential. This paper discuss about tsunami height which was triggered by large energy of earthquake along strike-slip fault and submarine landslide. Beyond of a view historical tsunamis in the western part Sumatra in Aceh, which was occured on April 11, 2012 have given several questions for the majority of earth scientist in relation with the potential for tsunami. The 8.6 M earthquake might have no tsunami potential significantly, with the hypothesis that mechanism of the earthquake source is strike-slip. However BMKG, in accordance with standard operating procedures stated that this earthquake "potential tsunami". But here we will give other parameters that affect a potential tsunami by performing the calculation of the effects of landslides. This paper describes how potential and kinetic energy spread during landslide and analysis of mechanism and underwater structures named as guyot as the cause of the earthquake along strike-slip fault. This paper discuss about scoup study on landslide which give the hypothesis that the type of submarine landslide or landslide of near shore cliff also will have influence to tsunami height or run-up. The key is, how strongly the all of disturbance above will increasing or decreasing of  sea water volume. The result for the first case, strike-slip earthquake without the submarine landslide obtain maximum run-up in Meulaboh  is 1.5864 m, with E~Mo (seafloor deformation). For the second case is strike-slip earthquake influenced by submarine landslide obtained ETotal ~1020 ~ Mo (seafloor deformation) which obtained tsunami run-up in Meulaboh 1.7726 m. So in this case, the landslide under the sea it also affected to the maximum tsunami height, but not significantly influence. For the last case, strike-slip earthquake influenced by landslide of near shore cliff: ETotal is estimated Ekfall ~  1022  ~  Mw ~  8 SR, equivalent with vertical of seafloor deformation and obtain tsunami run-up in Meulaboh 16.9372 m.Keywords: tsunami run-up, fault, strike-slip, submarine landslide, uppper the sea landslide, potential energy, kinetic energySebagian besar gempabumi yang terjadi pada area barat Sumatera Indonesia berpotensi tsunami. Tulisan ini memodelkan kemungkinan ketinggian tsunami yang dipicu oleh gempabumi dengan energi besar sepanjang sesar geser yang dipengaruhi oleh longsoran bawah laut. Gempabumi dengan kekuatan 8,6 Mw pada 11 April 2012 yang terjadi di bagian barat Sumatera telah menimbulkan kepanikan akan tetapi tidak menimbulkan bencana tsunami besar karena terjadi di sepanjang sesar geser kerak Samudera Hindia. Berdasarkan pemodelan, gempabumi sepanjang sesar geser dapat memicu tsunami besar bilamana diikuti oleh longsoran bawah laut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memodelkan propagasi gelombang tsunami dengan proses mekanisme gempabumi strike-slip yang dipengaruhi oleh kondisi batimetri, volume struktur, jumlah dan jenis tanah longsor bawah laut yang dapat memicu ketinggian gelombang tsunami. Perhitungan dan pemodelan ini melibatkan simulasi energi potensial dan energi kinetik yang mempengaruhi ketinggian gelombang tsunami pada garis pantai. Hasil pemodelan pertama, dengan anggapan gempabumi sesar geser yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh proses longsor bawah laut menghasilkan ketinggian tsunami di Meulaboh 1,5864 m, dengan E ~ Mo (deformasi dasar laut). Untuk kasus pemodelan kedua dengan anggapan gempabumi sesar geser disertai oleh longsoran di bawah permukaan laut diperoleh Etotal ~ 1020 ~ Mo (deformasi dasar laut) yang menghasilkan ketinggian tsunami di Meulaboh 1,7726 m. Untuk pemodelan ketiga, gempabumi sesar geser yang diikuti oleh longsoran di tebing dekat pantai dengan Etotal diperkirakan Ekfall ~ 1022 ~ Mw ~ 8 SR setara dengan jenis mekanisme deformasi vertikal yang dapat menghasilkan ketinggian gelombang tsunami di Meulaboh sampai dengan 16,9372 m. Kata Kunci: run-up tsunami, sesar geser, longsoran bawah laut, longsoran diatas permukaan laut, energi potensial, energi kinetik

scholarly journals Probabilistic near-field tsunami source and tsunami run-up distribution inferred from tsunami run-up records in northern Chile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Whan Lee ◽  
Jennifer Irish ◽  
Robert Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Moment Tensor ◽  
Near Field ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Understanding a tsunami source and its impact is vital to assess a tsunami hazard. Thanks to the efforts of the tsunami survey teams, high-quality tsunami run-up data exists for contemporary events. Still, it has not been widely used to infer a tsunami source and its impact mainly due to the computational burden of the tsunami forward model. In this study, we propose a TRRF-INV (Tsunami Run-up Response Function-based INVersion) model that can provide probabilistic estimates of a near-field tsunami source and tsunami run-up distribution from a small number of run-up records. We tested the TRRF-INV model with synthetic tsunami scenarios in northern Chile and applied it to the 2014 Iquique, Chile, tsunami event as a case study. The results demonstrated that the TRRF-INV model can provide a reasonable tsunami source estimate to first order and estimate tsunami run-up distribution well. Moreover, the case study results agree well with the United States Geological Survey report and the global Centroid Moment Tensor solution. We also analyzed the performance of the TRRF-INV model depending on the number and the uncertainty of run-up records. We believe that the TRRF-INV model has the potential for supporting accurate hazard assessment by (1) providing new insights from tsunami run-up records into the tsunami source and its impact, (2) using the TRRF-INV model as a tool to support existing tsunami inversion models, and (3) estimating a tsunami source and its impact for ancient events where no data other than estimated run-up from sediment deposit data exists.

scholarly journals The Tsunami Caused by the 30 October 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) Mw7.0 Earthquake: Hydrodynamic Features, Source Properties and Impact Assessment from Post-Event Field Survey and Video Records

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Ioanna Triantafyllou ◽  
Marilia Gogou ◽  
Spyridon Mavroulis ◽  
Efthymios Lekkas ◽  
Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Power Law Decay ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Coastal Uplift

The tsunami generated by the offshore Samos Island earthquake (Mw = 7.0, 30 October 2020) is the largest in the Aegean Sea since 1956 CE. Our study was based on field surveys, video records, eyewitness accounts and far-field mareograms. Sea recession was the leading motion in most sites implying wave generation from seismic dislocation. At an epicentral distance of ~12 km (site K4, north Samos), sea recession, followed by extreme wave height (h~3.35 m), occurred 2′ and 4′ after the earthquake, respectively. In K4, the main wave moved obliquely to the coast. These features may reflect coupling of the broadside tsunami with landslide generated tsunami at offshore K4. The generation of an on-shelf edge-wave might be an alternative. A few kilometers from K4, a wave height of ~1 m was measured in several sites, except Vathy bay (east, h = 2 m) and Karlovasi port (west, h = 1.80 m) where the wave amplified. In Vathy bay, two inundations arrived with a time difference of ~19′, the second being the strongest. In Karlovasi, one inundation occurred. In both towns and in western Turkey, material damage was caused in sites with h > 1 m. In other islands, h ≤ 1 m was reported. The h > 0.5 m values follow power-law decay away from the source. We calculated a tsunami magnitude of Mt~7.0, a tsunami source area of 1960 km2 and a displacement amplitude of ~1 m in the tsunami source. A co-seismic 15–25 cm coastal uplift of Samos decreased the tsunami run-up. The early warning message perhaps contributed to decrease the tsunami impact.

scholarly journals A MAP OF VULNERABILITY TSUNAMI AND PLAN EVACUATION IN COASTAL VILLAGE OF PARANGTRITIS SUB-DISTRICT KRETEK DISTRICT BANTUL DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Gentur Handoyo ◽  
Agus A.D. Suryo Putro ◽  
Petrus Subardjo
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Eurasian Plate ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
Australian Plate ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Evacuation Routes ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Evacuation Route ◽  
Runup Height ◽  
The Village

<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><em>The tsunami often hitthe southern coast of Java several times, where Parangtritis located in that area. This is due to the meeting of Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate in the south of Java that results in a major tectonic tsunami source. Tsunami waves from this region takes 50 to 100 minutes to reach the beach. Considering the short span of time to self-rescue</em><em>,</em><em> than its necessary to concieve a map of vulnerability to the tsunami region to plan evacuation routes and </em><em>tsunami temporary </em><em>evacuation place (TES) tsunami incoastal village of Parangtritis. The material used as an object to study in this research is the vulnerability of the tsunami, tsunami runoff based on the runup height, the proposed evacuation routes and </em><em>tsunami temporary </em><em>evacuation place (TES) as. The result</em><em>,</em><em>village </em><em>in </em><em>Parangtritis</em><em> is a</em><em> tsunami prone areas with vast percentage of the tsunami-prone areas at 66.45%. When the </em><em>tsunami run up reach </em><em>16m the affected area </em><em>was </em><em>788.07 Ha. There are three proposed evacuation route through the Parangtritis</em><em> roads</em><em>, Depok roads and Depok-Parangtriti</em><em>s road</em><em>s. There are 12 proposed temporary evacuation place which spread in the village Parangtritis. </em><em></em></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>:<em> </em><em>Inundation</em><em>, Plate, Runup</em><em></em></p>

ESTIMATION OF SEISMICALLY-INDUCED POTENTIAL TSUNAMI PENETRATION ONTO COASTAL TERRAINS

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Wind Wave ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

This paper presents a methodology of estimating the inland incursion of tsunamis generated offshore by earthquakes by adapting prognostic equations of wind wave run-up to the earthquakes’ long-period characteristics. Tsunami height is estimated from site-specific historical events. The methodology takes account the nearshore depths, backshore topography, tidal range, and tsunami approach direction. Two project applications are discussed; one involving site development planning for a coastal resort whereas the other involving tsunami evacuation zone assessment for a prospective seaport site. Keywords: Tsunami, run-up, earthquake, planning, site development

scholarly journals Shoreline Changes along Northern Ibaraki Coast after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1399
Author(s):  
Quang Nguyen Hao ◽  
Satoshi Takewaka
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Shoreline Changes ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Sentinel 2 ◽  
Infrared Radiometer

In this study, we analyze the influence of the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on 11 March 2011, on the shoreline of the northern Ibaraki Coast. After the earthquake, the area experienced subsidence of approximately 0.4 m. Shoreline changes at eight sandy beaches along the coast are estimated using various satellite images, including the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), ALOS AVNIR-2 (Advanced Land Observing Satellite, Advanced Visible and Near-infrared Radiometer type 2), and Sentinel-2 (a multispectral sensor). Before the earthquake (for the period March 2001–January 2011), even though fluctuations in the shoreline position were observed, shorelines were quite stable, with the averaged change rates in the range of ±1.5 m/year. The shoreline suddenly retreated due to the earthquake by 20–40 m. Generally, the amount of retreat shows a strong correlation with the amount of land subsidence caused by the earthquake, and a moderate correlation with tsunami run-up height. The ground started to uplift gradually after the sudden subsidence, and shoreline positions advanced accordingly. The recovery speed of the beaches varied from +2.6 m/year to +6.6 m/year, depending on the beach conditions.

Rapid earthquake source characterization in the context of tsunami early warning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Armigliato ◽  
Martina Zanetti ◽  
Stefano Tinti ◽  
Filippo Zaniboni ◽  
Glauco Gallotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Fault Plane ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Slip Distribution ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Tsunami Early Warning ◽  
Earthquake Focal Mechanism ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Seismic Networks

&lt;p&gt;It is well known that for earthquake-generated tsunamis impacting near-field coastlines the focal mechanism, the position of the fault with respect to the coastline and the on fault slip distribution are key factors in determining the efficiency of the generation process and the distribution of the maximum run-up and inundation along the nearby coasts. The time needed to obtain the aforementioned information from the analysis of seismic records is usually too long compared to the time required to issue a timely tsunami warning/alert to the nearest coastlines. In the context of tsunami early warning systems, a big challenge is hence to be able to define 1) the relative position of the hypocenter and of the fault and 2) the earthquake focal mechanism, based only on the preliminary earthquake localization and magnitude estimation, which are made available by seismic networks soon after the earthquake occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, the intrinsic unpredictability of the position of the hypocenter on the fault plane is studied through a probabilistic approach based on the analysis of two finite fault model datasets (SRCMOD and USGS) and by limiting the analysis to moderate-to-large shallow earthquakes (Mw &amp;#160;6 and depth &amp;#160;50 km). After a proper homogenization procedure needed to define a common geometry for all samples in the two datasets, the hypocentral positions are fitted with different probability density functions (PDFs) separately in the along-dip and along-strike directions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the focal mechanism determination, different approaches have been tested: the most successful is restricted to subduction-type earthquakes. It defines average values and uncertainties for strike, dip and rake angles based on a combination of a proper zonation of the main tsunamigenic subduction areas worldwide and of subduction zone geometries available from publicdatabases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The general workflow that we propose can be schematically outlined as follows. Once an earthquake occurs and the magnitude and hypocentral solutions are made available by seismic networks, it is possible to assign the focal mechanism by selecting the characteristic values for strike, dip and rake of the zone where the hypocenter falls into. Fault length and width, as well as the slip distribution on the fault plane, are computed through regression laws against magnitude proposed by previous studies. The resulting rectangular fault plane can be discretized into a matrix of subfaults: the position of the center of each subfault can be considered as a &amp;#8220;realization&amp;#8221; of the hypocenter position, which can then be assigned a probability. In this way, we can define a number of earthquake fault scenarios, each of which is assigned a probability, and we can run tsunami numerical simulations for each scenario to quantify the classical observables, such as water elevation time series in selected offshore/coastal tide-gauges, flow depth, run-up, inundation distance. The final results can be provided as probabilistic distributions of the different observables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The general approach, which is still in a proof-of-concept stage, is applied to the 16 September 2015 Illapel (Chile) tsunamigenic earthquake (Mw = 8.2). The comparison with the available tsunami observations is discussed with special attention devoted to the early-warning perspective.&lt;/p&gt;

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