Surface Radiation Characteristics of the Ali Area, Northern Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ge Wang ◽  
Lin Han
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiative Energy ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Northern Tibetan Plateau

<p>This study analyses the diurnal seasonal mean and the seasonal and annual variation in the radiation budget at the Ali Meteorological Bureau observation station in the northern Tibetan Plateau for 2019. The results indicate that the daily average variation in incidental shortwave and reflected radiation across all seasons in the Ali area had typical unimodal symmetry. The average daily variation in incidental shortwave radiation was in phase with reflected radiation, but the amplitude of the incidental shortwave radiation was greater than that of reflected radiation. The daily amplitude, daily average, and monthly average upwelling longwave radiation were greater than those for downwelling radiation, and the diurnal cycle of downwelling atmospheric radiation lagged behind that of upwelling longwave radiation. The daily amplitude of surface net radiation in winter in the Ali area was less than in other seasons, as expected, and the seasonal transformation had a great impact on the net radiation for this region. The net radiative energy at the surface was highest in late spring and early summer, which played a decisive role in the formation of terrestrial and atmospheric heating.</p>

scholarly journals Characterizing energy budget variability at a Sahelian site: a test of NWP model behaviour

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 15095-15119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mackie ◽  
Paul I. Palmer ◽  
Helen Brindley
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
Radiation Flux ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Radiation Fluxes ◽  
Nwp Model

Abstract. We use observations of surface and top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) broadband radiation fluxes determined from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement programme mobile facility, the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) and Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instruments and a range of meteorological variables at a site in the Sahel to test the ability of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System cycle 43r1 to describe energy budget variability. The model has daily average biases of −12 and 18 W m−2 for outgoing longwave and reflected shortwave TOA radiation fluxes, respectively. At the surface, the daily average bias is 12(13) W m−2 for the longwave downwelling (upwelling) radiation flux and −21(−13) W m−2 for the shortwave downwelling (upwelling) radiation flux. Using multivariate linear models of observation–model differences, we attribute radiation flux discrepancies to physical processes, and link surface and TOA fluxes. We find that model biases in surface radiation fluxes are mainly due to a low bias in ice water path (IWP), poor description of surface albedo and model–observation differences in surface temperature. We also attribute observed discrepancies in the radiation fluxes, particularly during the dry season, to the misrepresentation of aerosol fields in the model from use of a climatology instead of a dynamic approach. At the TOA, the low IWP impacts the amount of reflected shortwave radiation while biases in outgoing longwave radiation are additionally coupled to discrepancies in the surface upwelling longwave flux and atmospheric humidity.

scholarly journals Estimation of Net Radiation using satellite based data inputs

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-8 ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. S. Sai Krishna ◽  
P. Manavalan ◽  
P. V. N. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Outgoing Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Indian Land ◽  
Radiation Fluxes

Daily net surface radiation fluxes are estimated for Indian land mass at spatial grid intervals of 0.1 degree. Two approaches are employed to obtain daily net radiation for four sample days viz., November 19, 2013, December 16, 2013, January 8, 2014 and March 20, 2014. Both the approaches compute net shortwave and net longwave fluxes, separately and sum them up to obtain net radiation. The first approach computes net shortwave radiation using daily insolation product of Kalpana VHRR and 15 days time composited broadband albedo product of Oceansat OCM2. The net outgoing longwave radiation is computed using Stefan Boltzmann equation corrected for humidity and cloudiness. In the second approach, instantaneous clear-sky net-shortwave radiation is estimated using computed clear-sky incoming shortwave radiation and the gridded MODIS 16-day time composited albedo product. The net longwave radiation is obtained by estimating outgoing and incoming longwave radiation fluxes, independently. In this, MODIS derived surface emissivity and skin temperature parameters are used for estimating outgoing longwave radiation component. In both the approaches, surface air temperature data required for estimation of net longwave radiation fluxes are extracted from India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) Automatic Weather Station (AWS) records. Estimates by the two different approaches are evaluated by comparing daily net radiation fluxes with CERES based estimates corresponding to the sample days, through statistical measures. The estimated all sky daily net radiation using the first approach compared well with CERES SYN1deg daily average net radiation with r<sup>2</sup> values of the order of 0.7 and RMS errors of the order of 8&ndash;16 w/m<sup>2</sup>.

scholarly journals The surface energy budget in the Antarctic summer sea-ice pack

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Wendler ◽  
Anthony P. Worby
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fractional Cloud

AbstractThe surface radiation budget was continuously measured in the sea-ice zone between 140° E (Terre Adélie) and 180° (McMurdo Sound) close to mid-summer, when the sea ice is disintegrating. These measurements were carried out during a cruise of the USCGC Polar Sea from Hobart, Tasmania, to McMurdo station, Antarctica, in 1998/99. Some of the findings are: the solar radiation is the major atmospheric energy source for the melting of ice. The sun was above the horizon for 24 h for most of the cruise. Due to a high amount of fractional cloudiness, the global radiation was somewhat reduced when compared to areas with lesser cloud cover Mean noon values were around 400 W m−2, while at midnight a value of 30 W m−2 was measured. Daily mean values of the net shortwave radiation varied widely, a function of the reflectivity of the surface, which is strongly dependent not only on the ice concentration, but also on the ice type (e.g. whether it is covered with snow, flooded, melting or dry). Detailed ice observations were carried out. Hourly values of the albedo varied from 6% (open water) to 84% (10/10 sea ice with a dry snow cover). The mean net longwave radiation was only modestly negative. The high amount of fractional cloud cover increased the longwave incoming radiation from the atmosphere. A mean value of −40 W m−2 was measured, which displayed only a very weak diurnal course. The sum of the short- and longwave radiation, the total radiation budget, showed the expected diurnal variation, with slightly negative values at night (for 6 h), and a mean maximum at solar noon of around 220 W m−2. A mean daily value of 98 W m−2 was calculated.

scholarly journals Uncertainties of parameterized near-surface downward longwave and clear-sky direct radiation

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3357-3407 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gubler ◽  
S. Gruber ◽  
R. S. Purves
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Parameter Uncertainties ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Environmental Models

Abstract. As many environmental models rely on simulating the energy balance at the Earth's surface based on parameterized radiative fluxes, knowledge of the inherent uncertainties is important. In this study we evaluate one parameterization of clear-sky incoming shortwave radiation (SDR) and diverse parameterizations of clear-sky and all-sky incoming longwave radiation (LDR). In a first step, the clear-sky global SDR is estimated based measured input variables and mean parameter values for hourly time steps during the year 1996 to 2008, and validated using the high quality measurements of seven Alpine Surface Radiation Budget (ASRB) stations in Switzerland covering different elevations. Then, twelve clear-sky LDR parameterizations are fitted to the ASRB measurements. One of the best performing LDR parameterizations is chosen to estimate the all-sky LDR based on cloud transmissivity. Cloud transmissivity is estimated using measured and modeled global SDR during daytime. For the night, the performance of several interpolation methods is evaluated. Input variable and parameter uncertainties are assigned to estimate the total output uncertainty of the mentioned models, resulting in a mean relative uncertainty of 10% for the clear-sky direct, 15% for diffuse and 2.5% for global SDR, and 2.5% for the fitted all-sky LDR. Further, a function representing the uncertainty in dependence of the radiation is assigned for each model. Validation of the model outputs shows that direct SDR is underestimated (the mean error (ME) is around −33 W m−2), while diffuse radiation is overestimated (ME around 19 W m−2). The root mean squared error (RMSE) scatters around 60 W m−2 for direct, and 40 W m−2 for diffuse SDR. The best behaviour is found, due to the compensating effects of direct and diffuse SDR, for global SDR with MEs around −13 W m−2 and RMSEs around 40 W m−2. The ME of the fitted all-sky LDR is around ±10 W m−2, and the RMSE goes up to 40 W m−2. This is obtained by linearly interpolating the average of the cloud transmissivity of the four hours of the preceeding afternoon and the following morning.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Surface Atmospheric Changes over the Arctic Ocean for 2000–09 Using Recent Reanalyses

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayan H. Chaudhuri ◽  
Rui M. Ponte
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ice Retreat

Abstract The authors examine five recent reanalysis products [NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR)] for 1) trends in near-surface radiation fluxes, air temperature, and humidity, which are important indicators of changes within the Arctic Ocean and also influence sea ice and ocean conditions, and 2) fidelity of these atmospheric fields and effects for an extreme event: namely, the 2007 ice retreat. An analysis of trends over the Arctic for the past decade (2000–09) shows that reanalysis solutions have large spreads, particularly for downwelling shortwave radiation. In many cases, the differences in significant trends between the five reanalysis products are comparable to the estimated trend within a particular product. These discrepancies make it difficult to establish a consensus on likely changes occurring in the Arctic solely based on results from reanalyses fields. Regarding the 2007 ice retreat event, comparisons with remotely sensed estimates of downwelling radiation observations against these reanalysis products present an ambiguity. Remotely sensed observations from a study cited herewith suggest a large increase in downwelling summertime shortwave radiation and decrease in downwelling summertime longwave radiation from 2006 and 2007. On the contrary, the reanalysis products show only small gains in summertime shortwave radiation, if any; however, all the products show increases in downwelling longwave radiation. Thus, agreement within reanalysis fields needs to be further checked against observations to assess possible biases common to all products.

scholarly journals Effects of Drifting Snow on Surface Radiation Budget in the Katabatic Wind Zone, Antarctica

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 238-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Yamanouchi ◽  
Sadao Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Katabatic Wind ◽  
Drifting Snow ◽  
Radiation Fluxes ◽  
Snow Drift ◽  
The Difference

Effects of drifting snow are examined from measurements of radiation fluxes at Mizuho Station in the katabatic wind zone, Antarctica. A good correlation is found between the difference of downward longwave fluxes measured at two heights and wind speed used as an index of drifting snow. The wind increases the downward flux at a rate of 2 W m-2/m s-2 when wind speed is higher than 13 m/s. Drifting snow suppresses the net longwave cooling at the surface. Direct solar radiation is depleted greatly by the drifting snow; however, the global flux decreases only slightly, compensated by the large increase of the diffuse flux, at a rate of about 1% for each 1 m/s increase in wind speed. At Mizuho Station, the effect on longwave radiation prevails throughout the year. The relation between snow drift content and wind speed is obtained from shortwave optical depth measurements as a function of wind speed. A simple parameterization of radiative properties is given.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Six High-Spatial Resolution Clear-Sky Surface Upward Longwave Radiation Estimation Methods with MODIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1834
Author(s):  
Boxiong Qin ◽  
Biao Cao ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
Zunjian Bian ◽  
Tian Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Hybrid Methods ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Mean Bias Error ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Surface Radiation Budget

Surface upward longwave radiation (SULR) is a critical component in the calculation of the Earth’s surface radiation budget. Multiple clear-sky SULR estimation methods have been developed for high-spatial resolution satellite observations. Here, we comprehensively evaluated six SULR estimation methods, including the temperature-emissivity physical methods with the input of the MYD11/MYD21 (TE-MYD11/TE-MYD21), the hybrid methods with top-of-atmosphere (TOA) linear/nonlinear/artificial neural network regressions (TOA-LIN/TOA-NLIN/TOA-ANN), and the hybrid method with bottom-of-atmosphere (BOA) linear regression (BOA-LIN). The recently released MYD21 product and the BOA-LIN—a newly developed method that considers the spatial heterogeneity of the atmosphere—is used initially to estimate SULR. In addition, the four hybrid methods were compared with simulated datasets. All the six methods were evaluated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) in situ measurements. Simulation analysis shows that the BOA-LIN is the best one among four hybrid methods with accurate atmospheric profiles as input. Comparison of all the six methods shows that the TE-MYD21 performed the best, with a root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE) of 14.0 and −0.2 W/m2, respectively. The RMSE of BOA-LIN, TOA-NLIN, TOA-LIN, TOA-ANN, and TE-MYD11 are equal to 15.2, 16.1, 17.2, 21.2, and 18.5 W/m2, respectively. TE-MYD21 has a much better accuracy than the TE-MYD11 over barren surfaces (NDVI < 0.3) and a similar accuracy over non-barren surfaces (NDVI ≥ 0.3). BOA-LIN is more stable over varying water vapor conditions, compared to other hybrid methods. We conclude that this study provides a valuable reference for choosing the suitable estimation method in the SULR product generation.

scholarly journals TURAC—A New Instrument Package for Radiation Budget Measurements and Cloud Detection

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1473-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ruckstuhl ◽  
R. Philipona
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Radiation Fluxes ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract Atmospheric radiation flux measurements and the resulting surface radiation budget are important quantities for greenhouse effect and climate change investigations. Accurate net shortwave and longwave fluxes, in conjunction with numerical algorithms, also allow monitoring of the radiative effect of clouds and the nowcasting of the cloud amount. To achieve certain advantages on the accuracy of flux measurements a new instrument is developed that measures downward and upward shortwave and longwave radiation with the same sensors. Two high-quality instruments—a pyranometer for shortwave and a pyrgeometer for longwave measurements—are mounted on a pivotable sensor head, which is rotated up and down in 10-min intervals. To keep the instrument domes free from dew and ice, and to minimize the pyranometer thermal offset, both sensors are ventilated with slightly heated air. Additionally, a ventilated temperature and humidity sensor is integrated in the new instrument. The combination of measurements of radiation fluxes, temperature, and humidity allows for instrument use for autonomous and automatic cloud amount detection. The Temperature, Humidity, Radiation and Clouds (TURAC) sensor has been successfully tested under harsh alpine winter conditions, as well as under moderate lowland conditions. Comparisons to reference instruments showed all radiation fluxes to be within a maximum bias and rms difference of 1.6% or 1.4 W m−2 on daily averages.

scholarly journals Air pollution slows down surface warming over the Tibetan Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 881-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aolin Jia ◽  
Shunlin Liang ◽  
Dongdong Wang ◽  
Bo Jiang ◽  
Xiaotong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
Surface Warming

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a vital role in regional and global climate change. The TP has been undergoing significant surface warming starting from 1850, with an air temperature increase of 1.39 K and surface solar dimming resulting from decreased incident solar radiation. The causes and impacts of solar dimming on surface warming are unclear. In this study, long-term (from 1850 to 2015) surface downward radiation datasets over the TP are developed by integrating 18 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models and satellite products. The validation results from two ground measurement networks show that the generated downward surface radiation datasets have a higher accuracy than the mean of multiple CMIP5 datasets and the fused datasets of reanalysis and satellite products. After analyzing the generated radiation data with four air temperature datasets, we found that downward shortwave radiation (DSR) remained stable before 1950 and then declined rapidly at a rate of −0.53 W m−2 per decade, and that the fastest decrease in DSR occurs in the southeastern TP. Evidence from site measurements, satellite observations, reanalysis, and model simulations suggested that the TP solar dimming was primarily driven by increased anthropogenic aerosols. The TP solar dimming is stronger in summer, at the same time that the increasing magnitude of the surface air temperature is the smallest. The cooling effect of solar dimming offsets surface warming on the TP by 0.80±0.28 K (48.6±17.3 %) in summer since 1850. It helps us understand the role of anthropogenic aerosols in climate warming and highlights the need for additional studies to be conducted to quantify the influence of air pollution on regional climate change over the TP.

scholarly journals Air pollution slows down surface warming over the Tibetan Plateau

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aolin Jia ◽  
Shunlin Liang ◽  
Dongdong Wang ◽  
Bo Jiang ◽  
Xiaotong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
Surface Warming

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a vital role in regional and global climate change. The TP has been undergoing significant surface warming since 1850, with an air temperature increase of 1.39 K and surface solar dimming resulting from decreased incident solar radiation. The causes and impacts of solar dimming on surface warming are unclear. In this study, long-term (from 1850–2015) surface downward radiation datasets over the TP are developed by integrating 18 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models and satellite products. The validation results from two ground measurement networks show that the generated downward surface radiation datasets have higher accuracy than the mean of multiple CMIP5 and the fused datasets of reanalysis and satellite products. After analyzing the generated radiation data with four air temperature datasets, we found that downward shortwave radiation (DSR) remained stable before 1950 and then declined rapidly at a rate of −0.53 W m−2 per decade and that the fastest decrease in DSR is in the southeastern TP. Evidence from site measurements, satellite observations, reanalysis, and model simulations suggested that TP solar dimming was primarily driven by increased anthropogenic aerosols. The TP solar dimming is stronger in summer, at the same time that the increasing magnitude of the surface air temperature is the smallest. The cooling effect of solar dimming offsets surface warming on the TP by 0.80 ± 0.28 K (48.6 ± 17.3 %) in summer. It helps us understand the role of anthropogenic aerosols in climate warming, and highlights the need for additional studies to be conducted to quantify the influence of air pollution on regional climate change over the TP.

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