scholarly journals Facility-scale inventory of dairy methane emissions in California: implications for mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1151-1166
Author(s):  
Alison R. Marklein ◽  
Deanne Meyer ◽  
Marc L. Fischer ◽  
Seongeun Jeong ◽  
Talha Rafiq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Specific Calculation ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Total State

Abstract. Dairies emit roughly half of total methane (CH4) emissions in California, generating CH4 from both enteric fermentation by ruminant gut microbes and anaerobic decomposition of manure. Representation of these emission processes is essential for management and mitigation of CH4 emissions and is typically done using standardized emission factors applied at large spatial scales (e.g., state level). However, CH4-emitting activities and management decisions vary across facilities, and current inventories do not have sufficiently high spatial resolution to capture changes at this scale. Here, we develop a spatially explicit database of dairies in California, with information from operating permits and California-specific reports detailing herd demographics and manure management at the facility scale. We calculated manure management and enteric fermentation CH4 emissions using two previously published bottom-up approaches and a new farm-specific calculation developed in this work. We also estimate the effect of mitigation strategies – the use of mechanical separators and installation of anaerobic digesters – on CH4 emissions. We predict that implementation of digesters at the 106 dairies that are existing or planned in California will reduce manure CH4 emissions from those facilities by an average of 26 % and total state CH4 emissions by 5 % (or ∼36.5 Gg CH4/yr). In addition to serving as a planning tool for mitigation, this database is useful as a prior for atmospheric observation-based emissions estimates, attribution of emissions to a specific facility, and validation of CH4 emissions reductions from management changes. Raster files of the datasets and associated metadata are available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics (ORNL DAAC; Marklein and Hopkins, 2020; https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1814).

scholarly journals Facility scale inventory of dairy methane emissions in California: Implications for mitigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison R. Marklein ◽  
Deanne Meyer ◽  
Marc L. Fischer ◽  
Seongeun Jeong ◽  
Talha Rafiq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Specific Calculation ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Total State

Abstract. Dairies emit roughly half of total methane (CH4) emissions in California, generating CH4 from both enteric fermentation by ruminant gut microbes and anaerobic decomposition of manure. Representation of these emission processes is essential for management and mitigation of CH4 emissions, and is typically done using standardized emission factors applied at large spatial scales (e.g., state level). However, CH4-emitting activities and management decisions vary across facilities, and current inventories do not have sufficiently high spatial resolution to capture changes at this scale. Here, we develop a spatially-explicit database of dairies in California, with information from operating permits and California-specific reports detailing herd demographics and manure management at the facility scale. We calculated manure management and enteric fermentation CH4 emissions using two previously published bottom-up approaches and a new farm-specific calculation developed in this work. We also estimate the effect of mitigation strategies – the use of mechanical separators and installation of anaerobic digesters – on CH4 emissions. We predict that implementation of digesters at the 109 dairies that are existing or planned in California will reduce manure CH4 emissions from those facilities by an average of 35 %, and total state CH4 emissions by 6 % (or ~ 47.3 Gg CH4/yr). In addition to serving as a planning tool for mitigation, this database is useful as a prior for atmospheric observation-based emissions estimates, attribution of emissions to a specific facility, and to validate CH4 emissions reductions from management changes. Raster files of the datasets and associated metadata are available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics (ORNL DAAC; Marklein et al., 2020; https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1814).

The LAJ Cycle: A New Combined-Cycle Fossil Fuel Power System

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roddie R. Judkins ◽  
Timothy R. Armstrong ◽  
Solomon D. Labinov
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power System ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Oak Ridge

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a novel system for combined-cycle power generation, called the LAJ cycle. This system could serve as a basis for the development of a new generation of high-efficiency combined cycles. In one of several possible configurations of the new combined-cycle fossil fuel power system, natural gas enters the system at 4.0 MPa and about 300 K, is heated and reformed, and is transferred to a turbine at 4.0 MPa and 1200 K. The gas expands in the turbine to 0.6 MPa and 800 K, and then flows successively to heat exchangers and a condenser-separator, after which it is separated into two gas streams, one containing principally CO with some CH4 and water vapor and the other containing pure H2. The CO and H2 flow to separate fuel cells and undergo electrochemical oxidation with the concomitant production of electricity. Separate streams of water and carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced, making this cycle compatible with carbon mitigation strategies based on sequestration. Model calculations indicate combined-cycle efficiencies greater than 70% based on the lower heating value of natural gas. The high efficiencies realized result from a combination of the high-pressure natural gas reformate expansion and the highly efficient CO and H2 fuel cells. Most of the power derives from the fuel cells in the system.

scholarly journals In-situ air temperature and humidity measurements over diverse landcovers in Greenbelt, MD Nov. 2013–Nov. 2015

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Carroll ◽  
Molly E. Brown ◽  
Margaret R. Wooten ◽  
Joel E. Donham ◽  
Alfred B. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Building Roof ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Surface

Abstract. As our climate changes through time there is an ever increasing need to quantify how and where it is changing so that mitigation strategies can be implemented. Urban areas have a disproportionate amount of warming due, in part, to the conductive properties of concrete and asphalt surfaces that make up an urban environment. The NASA Climate Adaptation Science Investigation working group at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt MD conducted a study to collect temperature and humidity data at 15 minute intervals from 12 sites on center. These sites represented the major surface types on center: asphalt, building roof, grass field, forest, and rain garden. The data show a strong distinction in the thermal properties of these surfaces on the center and the difference between the average value for the center compared to a local meteorological station. The data have been submitted to Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL-DAAC) for archival in comma separated value (csv) file format http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1319.

scholarly journals 180 Screening the carbon footprint of intensive Korean dairy cattle farms: Transition towards low emissions’ production system

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 136-136
Author(s):  
Ridha Ibidhi ◽  
Tae Hoon Kim ◽  
Rajaraman Bharanidharan ◽  
Krishnaraj Thirugnanasambantham ◽  
Kyoung Hoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Enteric Fermentation

Abstract In the context of global climate change, carbon footprint (CF) becomes an important sustainability indicator for dairy production systems. To mitigation the CF of the dairy sector, insight into greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from individual farms is required. The objective of this study was to determine the primary contributors to GHG emissions at the farm-gate level, expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq), to produce one kg of fat-and protein corrected milk (FPCM). Primary data about farms’ management and feeding practices were collected from twelve dairy farms that belong to Gyeonggi-do province, which represent the most important region for milk production in South Korea. Allocation of GHG emissions between meat and milk was assessed as a physical allocation, 98% allocated to milk and 2% to meat (surplus of calves and culled cows). The CF of the evaluated farms averaged to 0.61 CO2-eq/kg of FPCM and ranged from 0.49 to 0.78 CO2-eq/kg of FPCM. Results indicated that the largest source of GHG comes mostly from enteric fermentation (83%), followed by manure management (6%), manure and fertilizer land application (8%) and energy consumption (3%). By type of gas emitted, methane accounted for 86% of total emissions, originating from enteric fermentation and manure management. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide accounted for 11.6 % and 2.8% of total GHG emissions, respectively. Lactating cows contributed by 70% of total GHG emissions, whereas dry cows, heifers and calves contributed by 5, 22 and 3%, respectively. Differences in GHG emissions from the evaluated farms could be explained by differences in feed quality and management practices through manure and fertilizers application on cropland. This study contributes to identify the main sources of GHG production in dairy farms, which can help to define mitigation strategies towards the transition to neutral carbon emissions of the dairy sector.

scholarly journals Opportunities for reducing environmental emissions from forage-based dairy farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Misselbrook ◽  
Agustin Del Prado ◽  
David Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Enteric Fermentation

Modern dairy production is inevitably associated with impacts to the environment and the challenge for the industry today is to increase production to meet growing global demand while minimising emissions to the environment. Negative environmental impacts include gaseous emissions to the atmosphere, of ammonia from livestock manure and fertiliser use, of methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, and of nitrous oxide from nitrogen applications to soils and from manure management. Emissions to water include nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, sediment, pathogens and organic matter, deriving from nutrient applications to forage crops and/or the management of grazing livestock. This paper reviews the sources and impacts of such emissions in the context of a forage-based dairy farm and considers a number of potential mitigation strategies, giving some examples using the farm-scale model SIMSDAIRY. Most of the mitigation measures discussed are associated with systemic improvements in the efficiency of production in dairy systems. Important examples of mitigations include: improvements to dairy herd fertility, that can reduce methane and ammonia emissions by up to 24 and 17%, respectively; diet modification such as the use of high sugar grasses for grazing, which are associated with reductions in cattle N excretion of up to 20% (and therefore lower N losses to the environment) and potentially lower methane emissions, or reducing the crude protein content of the dairy cow diet through use of maize silage to reduce N excretion and methane emissions; the use of nitrification inhibitors with fertiliser and slurry applications to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching by up to 50%. Much can also be achieved through attention to the quantity, timing and method of application of nutrients to forage crops and utilising advances made through genetic improvements.

scholarly journals In situ air temperature and humidity measurements over diverse land covers in Greenbelt, Maryland, November 2013–November 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Carroll ◽  
Molly E. Brown ◽  
Margaret R. Wooten ◽  
Joel E. Donham ◽  
Alfred B. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Building Roof ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Humidity Measurements ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Surface

Abstract. As our climate changes through time there is an ever-increasing need to quantify how and where it is changing so that mitigation strategies can be implemented. Urban areas have a disproportionate amount of warming due, in part, to the conductive properties of concrete and asphalt surfaces, surface albedo, heat capacity, lack of water, etc. that make up an urban environment. The NASA Climate Adaptation Science Investigation working group at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD, conducted a study to collect temperature and humidity data at 15 min intervals from 12 sites at the center. These sites represent the major surface types at the center: asphalt, building roof, grass field, forest, and rain garden. The data show a strong distinction in the thermal properties of these surfaces at the center and the difference between the average values for the center compared to a local meteorological station. The data have been submitted to Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL-DAAC) for archival in comma separated value (csv) file format (Carroll et al., 2016) and can be found by following this link: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1319.

Plug-in scripts for EFTEM automation

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 546-547
Author(s):  
N. D. Evans ◽  
M. K. Kundmann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Multiple User ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Short Period ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Research Equipment

Post-column energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) is inherently challenging as it requires the researcher to setup, align, and control both the microscope and the energy-filter. The software behind an EFTEM system is therefore critical to efficient, day-to-day application of this technique. This is particularly the case in a multiple-user environment such as at the Shared Research Equipment (SHaRE) User Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Here, visiting researchers, who may oe unfamiliar with the details of EFTEM, need to accomplish as much as possible in a relatively short period of time.We describe here our work in extending the base software of a commercially available EFTEM system in order to automate and streamline particular EFTEM tasks. The EFTEM system used is a Philips CM30 fitted with a Gatan Imaging Filter (GIF). The base software supplied with this system consists primarily of two Macintosh programs and a collection of add-ons (plug-ins) which provide instrument control, imaging, and data analysis facilities needed to perform EFTEM.

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