The EC-Earth3 Earth System Model for the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6

Abstract. The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different HPC systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behaviour and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.

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Recent developments on the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3476 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bouwe Andela ◽

Fakhereh Alidoost ◽

Lukas Brunner ◽

Jaro Camphuijsen ◽

Bas Crezee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Model Evaluation ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Climate Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Evaluation Tool ◽

Scientific Review ◽

The Earth ◽

User Friendly

The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a free and open-source community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for the evaluation of Earth system models such as those participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Version 2 of the tool (Righi et al. 2020, www.esmvaltool.org) features a brand new design composed of a core that finds and processes data according to a &#8216;recipe&#8217; and an extensive collection of ready-to-use recipes and associated diagnostic codes for reproducing results from published papers. Development and discussion of the tool (mostly) takes place in public on https://github.com/esmvalgroup and anyone with an interest in climate model evaluation is welcome to join there.&#160;Since the initial release of version 2 in the summer of 2020, many improvements have been made to the tool. It is now more user friendly with extensive documentation available on docs.esmvaltool.org and a step by step online tutorial. Regular releases, currently planned three times a year, ensure that recent contributions become available quickly while still ensuring a high level of quality control. The tool can be installed from conda, but portable docker and singularity containers are also available.&#160;Recent new features include a more user-friendly command-line interface, citation information per figure including CMIP6 data citation using ES-DOC, more and faster preprocessor functions that require less memory, automatic corrections for a larger number of CMIP6 datasets, support for more observational and reanalysis datasets, and more recipes and diagnostics.&#160;The tool is now also more reliable, with improved automated testing through more unit tests for the core, as well as a recipe testing service running at DKRZ for testing the scientific recipes and diagnostics that are bundled into the tool. The community maintaining and developing the tool is growing, making the project less dependent on individual contributors. There are now technical and scientific review teams that review new contributions for technical quality and scientific correctness and relevance respectively, two new principal investigators for generating a larger support base in the community, and a newly created user engagement team that is taking care of improving the overall user experience.

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Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – an extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-13-3383-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3383-3438 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Veronika Eyring ◽

Lisa Bock ◽

Axel Lauer ◽

Mattia Righi ◽

Manuel Schlund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Model Evaluation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Evaluation Tool ◽

The Earth ◽

And Performance ◽

Earth System Models

Abstract. The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a community diagnostics and performance metrics tool designed to improve comprehensive and routine evaluation of Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). It has undergone rapid development since the first release in 2016 and is now a well-tested tool that provides end-to-end provenance tracking to ensure reproducibility. It consists of (1) an easy-to-install, well-documented Python package providing the core functionalities (ESMValCore) that performs common preprocessing operations and (2) a diagnostic part that includes tailored diagnostics and performance metrics for specific scientific applications. Here we describe large-scale diagnostics of the second major release of the tool that supports the evaluation of ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). ESMValTool v2.0 includes a large collection of diagnostics and performance metrics for atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial variables for the mean state, trends, and variability. ESMValTool v2.0 also successfully reproduces figures from the evaluation and projections chapters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and incorporates updates from targeted analysis packages, such as the NCAR Climate Variability Diagnostics Package for the evaluation of modes of variability, the Thermodynamic Diagnostic Tool (TheDiaTo) to evaluate the energetics of the climate system, as well as parts of AutoAssess that contains a mix of top–down performance metrics. The tool has been fully integrated into the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) infrastructure at the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) to provide evaluation results from CMIP6 model simulations shortly after the output is published to the CMIP archive. A result browser has been implemented that enables advanced monitoring of the evaluation results by a broad user community at much faster timescales than what was possible in CMIP5.

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The compact Earth system model OSCAR v2.2: description and first results

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-10-271-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 271-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Thomas Gasser ◽

Philippe Ciais ◽

Olivier Boucher ◽

Yann Quilcaille ◽

Maxime Tortora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Stratospheric Ozone ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Tropospheric Chemistry ◽

System Model ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Historical Period ◽

Earth System ◽

Atmospheric Concentration ◽

The Earth

Abstract. This paper provides a comprehensive description of OSCAR v2.2, a simple Earth system model. The general philosophy of development is first explained, followed by a complete description of the model's drivers and various modules. All components of the Earth system necessary to simulate future climate change are represented in the model: the oceanic and terrestrial carbon cycles – including a book-keeping module to endogenously estimate land-use change emissions – so as to simulate the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide; the tropospheric chemistry and the natural wetlands, to simulate that of methane; the stratospheric chemistry, for nitrous oxide; 37 halogenated compounds; changing tropospheric and stratospheric ozone; the direct and indirect effects of aerosols; changes in surface albedo caused by black carbon deposition on snow and land-cover change; and the global and regional response of climate – in terms of temperature and precipitation – to all these climate forcers. Following the probabilistic framework of the model, an ensemble of simulations is made over the historical period (1750–2010). We show that the model performs well in reproducing observed past changes in the Earth system such as increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases or increased global mean surface temperature.

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The compact Earth system model OSCAR v2.2: description and first results

10.5194/gmd-2016-149 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thomas Gasser ◽

Philippe Ciais ◽

Olivier Boucher ◽

Yann Quilcaille ◽

Maxime Tortora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Stratospheric Ozone ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Historical Period ◽

Earth System ◽

Atmospheric Concentration ◽

Carbon Cycles ◽

The Earth

Abstract. This paper provides a comprehensive description of OSCAR v2.2, a simple Earth system model. The general philosophy of development is first explained, it is then followed by a complete description of the model's drivers and various modules. All components of the Earth system necessary to simulate future climate change are represented in the model: the oceanic and terrestrial carbon-cycles – including a book-keeping module to endogenously estimate land-use change emissions – so as to simulate the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide; the tropospheric OH chemistry and the natural wetlands, to simulate that of methane; the stratospheric chemistry, for nitrous oxide; thirty-seven halogenated compounds; changing tropospheric and stratospheric ozone; the direct and indirect effects of aerosols; changes in surface albedo caused by black carbon deposition on snow and land-cover change; and the global and regional response of climate – in terms of temperatures and precipitations – to all these climate forcers. Following the probabilistic framework of the model, an ensemble of simulations is made over the historical period (1750–2010). We show that the model performs well in reproducing observed past changes in the Earth system such as increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases or increased global mean surface temperature.

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Coupling the Earth system model INMCM with the biogeochemical flux model

Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling ◽

10.1515/rnam-2018-0027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 325-331

Author(s):

Ilya A. Chernov ◽

Nikolay G. Iakovlev

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

World Ocean ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Horizontal Resolution ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Time Step ◽

The Earth

Abstract In the present paper we consider the first results of modelling the World Ocean biogeochemistry system within the framework of the Earth system model: a global atmosphere-ocean-ice-land-biogeochemistry model. It is based on the INMCM climate model (version INMCM39) coupled with the pelagic ecosystem model BFM. The horizontal resolution was relatively low: 2∘ × 2.5∘ for the ‘longitude’ and ‘latitude’ in transformed coordinates with the North Pole moved to land, 33 non-equidistant σ-horizons, 1 hour time step. We have taken into account 54 main rivers worldwide with run–off supplied by the atmosphere submodel. The setup includes nine plankton groups, 60 tracers in total. Some components sink with variable speed. We discuss challenges of coupling the BFM with the σ-coordinate ocean model. The presented results prove that the model output is realistic in comparison with the observed data, the numerical efficiency is high enough, and the coupled model may serve as a basis for further simulations of the long-term climate change.

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Setup of the PMIP3 paleoclimate experiments conducted using an Earth System Model, MIROC-ESM

Geoscientific Model Development Discussions ◽

10.5194/gmdd-5-2527-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 2527-2569 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Sueyoshi ◽

R. Ohgaito ◽

A. Yamamoto ◽

M. O. Chikamoto ◽

T. Hajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Future Climate ◽

System Model ◽

Climate Feedback ◽

Climate Projections ◽

Earth System ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Intercomparison Project

Abstract. The importance of climate model evaluation using paleoclimate simulations for better future climate projections has been recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In recent years, Earth System Models (ESMs) were developed to investigate carbon-cycle climate feedback, as well as to project the future climate. Paleoclimate events, especially those associated with the variations in atmospheric CO2 level or land vegetation, provide suitable benchmarks to evaluate ESMs. Here we present implementations of the paleoclimate experiments proposed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5/Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP5/PMIP3) using an Earth System Model, MIROC-ESM. In this paper, experimental settings and procedures of the mid-Holocene, the Last Glacial Maximum, and the Last Millennium experiments are explained. The first two experiments are time slice experiments and the last one is a transient experiment. The complexity of the model requires various steps to correctly configure the experiments. Several basic outputs are also shown.

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The Brazilian Earth System Model ocean–atmosphere (BESM-OA) version 2.5: evaluation of its CMIP5 historical simulation

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-12-1613-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1613-1642 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sandro F. Veiga ◽

Paulo Nobre ◽

Emanuel Giarolla ◽

Vinicius Capistrano ◽

Manoel Baptista Jr. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Climate Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽

System Model ◽

Historical Period ◽

Earth System ◽

Historical Simulation ◽

The North ◽

Ocean Atmosphere

Abstract. The performance of the coupled ocean–atmosphere component of the Brazilian Earth System Model version 2.5 (BESM-OA2.5) was evaluated in simulating the historical period 1850–2005. After a climate model validation procedure in which the main atmospheric and oceanic variabilities were evaluated against observed and reanalysis datasets, the evaluation specifically focused on the mean climate state and the most important large-scale climate variability patterns simulated in the historical run, which was forced by the observed greenhouse gas concentration. The most significant upgrades in the model's components are also briefly presented here. BESM-OA2.5 could reproduce the most important large-scale variabilities, particularly over the Atlantic Ocean (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Atlantic Meridional Mode, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation), and the extratropical modes that occur in both hemispheres. The model's ability to simulate such large-scale variabilities supports its usefulness for seasonal climate prediction and in climate change studies.

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The Brazilian Earth System Model version 2.5: Evaluation of its CMIP5 historical simulation

10.5194/gmd-2018-91 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sandro F. Veiga ◽

Paulo Nobre ◽

Emanuel Giarolla ◽

Vinicius Capistrano ◽

Manoel Baptista Jr. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Climate Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽

System Model ◽

Historical Period ◽

Earth System ◽

Historical Simulation ◽

Model Version ◽

The North

Abstract. The performance of the coupled ocean-atmosphere component of the Brazilian Earth System Model version 2.5 (BESM-OA2.5) simulating the historical period 1850–2005 is evaluated. Following climate model validation procedure, in which the atmospheric and oceanic main variabilities are validated against observation and Reanalysis datasets, the evaluation particularly focuses the mean climate state and the most important large-scale climate variability patterns simulated in the historical run, which is forced by observed greenhouse gas concentration. The most significant upgrades in the model’s components are also presented briefly. BESM-OA2.5 is able to reproduce the most important large-scale variabilities, particularly over the Atlantic (e.g. the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Atlantic Meridional Mode and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) and the extratropical modes that occur in both hemispheres. The model's ability in simulating large-scale variabilities indicates its usefulness for seasonal climate prediction and climate change studies.

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FOCI-MOPS v1 – Integration of Marine Biogeochemistry within the Flexible Ocean and Climate Infrastructure version 1 (FOCI 1) Earth system model

10.5194/gmd-2021-361 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Chia-Te Chien ◽

Jonathan V. Durgadoo ◽

Dana Ehlert ◽

Ivy Frenger ◽

David P. Keller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Surface Air Temperature ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Biogeochemical Model ◽

Historical Period ◽

Earth System ◽

Marine Biogeochemistry ◽

Ocean Carbon

Abstract. The consideration of marine biogeochemistry is essential for simulating the carbon cycle in an Earth system model. Here we present the implementation and evaluation of a marine biogeochemical model, Model of Oceanic Pelagic Stoichiometry (MOPS) in the Flexible Ocean and Climate Infrastructure (FOCI) climate model. FOCI-MOPS enables the simulation of marine biological processes, the marine carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycles, air-sea gas exchange of CO2 and O2, and simulations with prescribed atmospheric CO2 or CO2 emissions. A series of experiments covering the historical period (1850–2014) were performed following the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6) protocols. Overall, modelled biogeochemical tracer distributions and fluxes, as well as transient evolution in surface air temperature, air-sea CO2 fluxes, and changes of ocean carbon and heat, are in good agreement with observations. Modelled inorganic and organic tracer distributions are quantitatively evaluated by statistically-derived metrics. Results of the FOCI-MOPS model, also including sea surface temperature, surface pH, oxygen (100–600 m), nitrate (0–100 m), and primary production, are within the range of other CMIP6 model results. Overall, the evaluation of FOCI-MOPS indicates its suitability for Earth climate system simulations.

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Simulations of the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period using the NASA/GISS ModelE2-R Earth System Model

Geoscientific Model Development Discussions ◽

10.5194/gmdd-5-2811-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 2811-2842 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. A. Chandler ◽

L. E. Sohl ◽

J. A. Jonas ◽

H. J. Dowsett

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Climate Models ◽

Climate Model ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Warm Period ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Future Global Warming

Abstract. Climate reconstructions of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP) bear many similarities to aspects of future global warming as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In particular, marine and terrestrial paleoclimate data point to high latitude temperature amplification, with associated decreases in sea ice and land ice and altered vegetation distributions that show expansion of warmer climate biomes into higher latitudes. NASA GISS climate models have been used to study the Pliocene climate since the USGS PRISM project first identified that the mid-Pliocene North Atlantic sea surface temperatures were anomalously warm. Here we present the most recent simulations of the Pliocene using the AR5/CMIP5 version of the GISS Earth System Model known as ModelE2-R. These simulations constitute the NASA contribution to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) Experiment 2. Many findings presented here corroborate results from other PlioMIP multi-model ensemble papers, but we also emphasize features in the ModelE2-R simulations that are unlike the ensemble means. We provide discussion of features that show considerable improvement compared with simulations from previous versions of the NASA GISS models, improvement defined here as simulation results that more closely resemble the ocean core data as well as the PRISM3D reconstructions of the mid-Pliocene climate. In some regions even qualitative agreement between model results and paleodata are an improvement over past studies, but the dramatic warming in the North Atlantic and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea in these new simulations is by far the most accurate portrayal ever of this key geographic region by the GISS climate model. Our belief is that continued development of key physical routines in the atmospheric model, along with higher resolution and recent corrections to mixing parameterizations in the ocean model, have led to an Earth System Model that will produce more accurate projections of future climate.

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