scholarly journals GlobWat – a global water balance model to assess water use in irrigated agriculture

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 801-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hoogeveen ◽  
J.-M. Faurès ◽  
L. Peiser ◽  
J. Burke ◽  
N. van de Giesen
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. GlobWat is a freely distributed, global soil water balance model that is used by FAO to assess water use in irrigated agriculture; the main factor behind scarcity of freshwater in an increasing number of regions. The model is based on spatially distributed high resolution datasets that are consistent at global level and calibrated against values for Internal Renewable Water Resources, as published in AQUASTAT, FAO's global information system on water and agriculture. Validation of the model is done against mean annual river basin outflows. The water balance is calculated in two steps: first a "vertical" water balance is calculated that includes evaporation from in situ rainfall ("green" water) and incremental evaporation from irrigated crops. In a second stage, a "horizontal" water balance is calculated to determine discharges from river (sub-)basins, taking into account incremental evaporation from irrigation, open water and wetlands ("blue" water). The paper describes methodology, input and output data, calibration and validation of the model. The model results are finally compared with other global water balance models.

scholarly journals GlobWat – a global water balance model to assess water use in irrigated agriculture

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 3829-3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hoogeveen ◽  
J.-M. Faurès ◽  
L. Peiser ◽  
J. Burke ◽  
N. van de Giesen
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. GlobWat is a freely distributed, global soil water balance model that is used by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to assess water use in irrigated agriculture, the main factor behind scarcity of freshwater in an increasing number of regions. The model is based on spatially distributed high-resolution data sets that are consistent at global level and calibrated against values for internal renewable water resources, as published in AQUASTAT, the FAO's global information system on water and agriculture. Validation of the model is done against mean annual river basin outflows. The water balance is calculated in two steps: first a "vertical" water balance is calculated that includes evaporation from in situ rainfall ("green" water) and incremental evaporation from irrigated crops. In a second stage, a "horizontal" water balance is calculated to determine discharges from river (sub-)basins, taking into account incremental evaporation from irrigation, open water and wetlands ("blue" water). The paper describes the methodology, input and output data, calibration and validation of the model. The model results are finally compared with other global water balance models to assess levels of accuracy and validity.

scholarly journals Estimation of flooded area in the Bahr El-Jebel basin using remote sensing techniques

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1851-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. H. Shamseddin ◽  
T. Hata ◽  
A. Tada ◽  
M. A. Bashir ◽  
T. Tanakamaru
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Flooded Area ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques

Abstract. In spite of the importance of Sudd (swamp) area estimation for any hydrological project in the southern Sudan, yet, no abroad agreement on its size, due to the inaccessibility and civil war. In this study, remote sensing techniques are used to estimate the Bahr El-Jebel flooded area. MODIS-Terra (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) level 1B satellite images are analyzed on basis of the unsupervised classification method. The annual mean of Bahr El-Jebel flooded area has been estimated at 20 400 km2, which is 96% of Sutcliffe and Park (1999) estimation on basis of water balance model prediction. And only, 53% of SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) model estimation. The accuracy of the classification is 71%. The study also found the swelling and shrinkage pattern of Sudd area throughout the year is following the trends of Lake Victoria outflow patterns. The study has used two evaporation methods (open water evaporation and SEBAL model) to estimate the annual storage volume of Bahr El-Jebel River by using a water balance model. Also the storage changes due time is generated throughout the study years.

scholarly journals Simple water balance model and crop water demand at different spatial and temporal scales in Periya Pallam catchment of upper Bhavani basin, Tamilnadu

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
A. Raviraj ◽  
Ramachandran J ◽  
Nitin Kaushal ◽  
Arjit Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Demand

Reduction in agricultural water use and increasing the sustainability of water resources can be achieved by studying the water balance of the area and crop water demand. In this paper, by using a simple water balance model, Evapotranspiration, Rainfall, Runoff, Water Demand and Water Requirement different crops are estimated. The crop water requirement and crop water demand for different crops grown in the Periya Pallam Catchment of Upper Bhavani Basin, Tamilnadu, was estimated. Water balance estimation of the area reveals that out of the annual rainfall, runoff is estimated to be 129 mm, effective rainfall is 252 mm, and deep percolation is about 67 mm. The demand for water for agriculture in the study area is about 61 million cubic meters (MCM), but only 19 MCM of water is available through precipitation in the form of effective rainfall. Hence, the remaining 43 MCM of water is supplied through groundwater and other sources. The results will pave the way for sustainable crop water use planning and would achieve water security in the basin.

scholarly journals Inferring Soil Moisture Memory from Streamflow Observations Using a Simple Water Balance Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1773-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene Orth ◽  
Randal D. Koster ◽  
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Optimized Model ◽  
Streamflow Data

Abstract Soil moisture is known for its integrative behavior and resulting memory characteristics. Soil moisture anomalies can persist for weeks or even months into the future, making initial soil moisture a potentially important contributor to skill in weather forecasting. A major difficulty when investigating soil moisture and its memory using observations is the sparse availability of long-term measurements and their limited spatial representativeness. In contrast, there is an abundance of long-term streamflow measurements for catchments of various sizes across the world. The authors investigate in this study whether such streamflow measurements can be used to infer and characterize soil moisture memory in respective catchments. Their approach uses a simple water balance model in which evapotranspiration and runoff ratios are expressed as simple functions of soil moisture; optimized functions for the model are determined using streamflow observations, and the optimized model in turn provides information on soil moisture memory on the catchment scale. The validity of the approach is demonstrated with data from three heavily monitored catchments. The approach is then applied to streamflow data in several small catchments across Switzerland to obtain a spatially distributed description of soil moisture memory and to show how memory varies, for example, with altitude and topography.

Water balance of three irrigated crops on fine-textured soils of the Riverine Plain

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Mason ◽  
WS Meyer ◽  
RCG Smith ◽  
HD Barrs
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Plant Available Water

Three summer crop species, maize, sorghum and sunflower were grown on three different fine-textured soils of the Riverine Plain in south-eastern Australia. At each site, above-ground growth, phenological development, and root length density were measured in two well-watered plots. Water use, plant water status and final crop yield were measured in the well-watered plots and in one plot per site where irrigation was discontinued around the time that complete crop canopies had developed. Plant available water was estimated from these drying-cycle plots. Crop water use calculated from soil water contents did not agree with estimates from a water balance model at two of the sites, suggesting that capillary rise from shallow water tables was supplying considerable quantities of water to the crops. Using the water balance model to predict actual evapotranspiration (Et), we estimated that after complete canopy development, up to 40% of Et was supplied to well-watered crops from a water table at approximately 1.5 m. At the site without a water table, yields from the drying-cycle plots were severely reduced and the estimate of plant available water (PAW) was thought to be realistic. It was concluded that where capillary rise or lateral movement of water into the root zone was significant, the concept of plant available water (PAW) was unsatisfactory.

A holistic water balance of Austria – how does the quantitative proportion of urban water requirements relate to other users?

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Available Resources

Traditional water use statistics only include the blue water withdrawal/consumption of municipalities, industry and irrigated agriculture. When, however, green water use of the agricultural sector is included as well as the virtual water use/water footprint (WF), water use quantity statistics become very different. In common water use statistics, Austria withdraws in total about 2.5 km3 per year, only 3% of available resources (total discharge 81.4 km3 = surface and ground water). The total water consumption (0.5 km3) is less than 1% of available resources. Urban (municipal) water requirements account for 27% of total withdrawal or 33% of consumption. When agricultural green water use (cropland) is included in statistics, the fraction of municipal water requirements diminishes to 7.6% of total withdrawal and 2.5% of total consumption. If the evapotranspiration of grassland and alpine meadows is also included in agricultural green water use, this fraction decreases to 3.2% and 0.9% respectively. When the WF is assessed as base value for water use in Austria, the municipal water use represents 5.8% of this value. In this globalized world, these traditional water use statistics are no longer recommendable. Only a holistic water balance approach really represents water use statistics.

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