scholarly journals Hermann Karsten, pioneer of geologic mapping in northwestern South America

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Aalto
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
Regional Mapping ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Nueva Granada

Abstract. In the late 19th century, a regional map of Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia, Panama and parts of Venezuela and Ecuador) was published by German botanist and geologist Hermann Karsten (1817–1908). Karsten's work was incorporated by Agustín Codazzi (1793–1859), an Italian who emigrated to Venezuela and Colombia to serve as a government cartographer and geographer, in his popular Atlas geográfico e histórico de la Republica de Colombia (1889). Geologic mapping and most observations provided in this 1889 atlas were taken from Karsten's Géologie de l'ancienne Colombie bolivarienne: Vénézuela, Nouvelle-Grenade et Ecuador (1886), as cited by Manual Paz and/or Felipe Pérez, who edited this edition of the atlas. Karsten defined four epochs in Earth history: Primera – without life – primary crystalline rocks, Segunda – with only marine life – chiefly sedimentary rocks, Tercera – with terrestrial quadrupeds and fresh water life forms life – chiefly sedimentary rocks, and Cuarta – mankind appears, includes diluvial (glacigenic) and post-diluvial terranes. He noted that Colombia is composed of chiefly of Quaternary, Tertiary and Cretaceous plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and that Earth's internal heat (calor central) accounted, by escape of inner gases, for volcanism, seismicity and uplift of mountains. Karsten's regional mapping and interpretation thus constitutes the primary source and ultimate pioneering geologic research.

On the Sharpness of Oceanographic Boundaries South of Nova Scotia

1956 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Marine Life

The waters south of Nova Scotia are characterized by extremely sharp boundaries both in the horizontal and vertical planes. Temperature changes of the order of 3 Centigrade degrees per metre depth and of 1.5 Centigrade degrees in 100 metres' travel have been observed. Such boundaries must constitute significant barriers to the migration of marine life forms.

scholarly journals Přirozená radioaktivita krystalinika, paleozoických sedimentárních hornin a vybraných kenozoických sedimentů na mapovém listu 24-22 Olomouc

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Zimák
Keyword(s):  
Natural Radioactivity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
Fluvial Sediments ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometer ◽  
Clay Shales ◽  
Mass Activity ◽  
Geological Units ◽  
Cenozoic Sediments

The paper deals with natural radioactivity of crystalline rocks, Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks and selected Cenozoic sediments on the map sheet 24-22 Olomouc. Studied rocks belong to the following geological units: the Brunovistulicum (Proterozoic granitoids and dioritoids, often mylonitized), the Moravo-Silesian Palaeozoic (mainly carbonate rocks of the Macocha and Líšeň Fms. and flysch sediments of the Andělská Hora, Protivanov, Horní Benešov, Rozstání, Moravice and Myslejovice Fms.), the Carpathian Foredeep (Miocene marine sands and clays) and the Upper Morava Basin (Pliocene-Pleistocene lacustrine and fluvial sediments, and loesses). Contents of potassium, uranium and thorium were measured using a laboratory gamma–ray spectrometer in 612 rock samples. Data are tabled and discussed. From calculated values of mass activity of 226Ra equivalent (am) it is evident that natural radioactivity of the studied rocks is predominantly low. Slightly increased am values were found in silty shales, clay shales and siltstones of the Rozstání Fm. (189 Bq.kg-1 on average, 308 Bq.kg-1 in the sample with the highest natural radioactivity).

scholarly journals What Does the Pacific Arctic's New Normal Mean for Marine Life?

Eos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Sheffield Guy ◽  
Sue Moore ◽  
Phyllis Stabeno
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Normal Mean ◽  
Oceanographic Conditions

Climate change has reconfigured Arctic ecosystems. A 5-year project focuses on the relationships among oceanographic conditions and the animals and other life-forms in this region.

scholarly journals Illite crystallinity index an indicator of physical weathering of the Sediments of the Tista River, Rangpur, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Sudip Saha ◽  
A. H. M. Selim Reza ◽  
Mrinal Kanti Roy
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Illite Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Weathering ◽  
Mechanical Weathering ◽  
Copper Arsenate ◽  
Mineral Constituents

The Tista River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. The deposits that exposed along the both banks of the Tista River are characterized mainly by sand, sand laden with gravel and pebble with minor amounts of silt and clay. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) of the clay sized sediments of the Tista River reveals that illite (and/or mica), chlorite, kaolinite, quartz and feldspar are the principal mineral constituents. The minor to trace amounts of lavendulan, glauconite lepidolite, enstatite, sekaninaite and ferrierite minerals were identified in the investigated area. Illite constitutes 36% of the total minerals of the Tista River basin. The values of the illite crystallinity index varies from 0.228 to 0.345, indicating that the illites are relatively well crystallized and derived from the mechanical weathering of pre-existing rocks. The presence of illite and kaolinite suggests their derivation from the crystalline rocks that contain feldspar and mica, as well as from the pre-existing soils and sedimentary rocks. Glauconite forms in the sediments of continental shelf in the marine environment. The accessory minerals like enstatite, sekanianite and ferrierite are derived from basic igneous rocks. The dissolution of copper arsenate mineral, lavendulan might be a source of arsenic in the sediments of the study area.  

scholarly journals Drone Geologic Mapping of an Active Sand and Gravel Quarry, Desoto County, Mississippi

Drones ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Caroline Behrman ◽  
Roy Van Arsdale ◽  
Youngsang Kwon ◽  
Kerry Stockslager ◽  
Dave Leverett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi River ◽  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Tectonic Deformation ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Lower Mississippi River ◽  
Sand And Gravel

Aerial drone photography of an active pit within a sand and gravel quarry in DeSoto County, Mississippi, was conducted to better understand the Upland Complex, which is a high-level Pliocene terrace of the Mississippi River. The Upland Complex is of great interest economically, as it is the primary source of sand and gravel for Memphis, Tennessee and the surrounding region. The pit dimensions were approximately 820 ft (250 m) by 655 ft (200 m) and 79-ft (24 m) deep upon completion of the mining. Eight 3-D models of the pit were made at different times to illustrate the mining progression. Oblique and horizontal stereo aerial photography of the highwalls was conducted to produce 3-D models and high-resolution photomosaics of the highwalls for geologic mapping and interpretation. The mapped highwall geology included Pliocene Mississippi River bars consisting of sand, sand and gravel, and gravel ranging in thickness from 2 ft (0.6 m) to 32.8 ft (10 m), with variable cross-bed dip directions suggesting a meandering river environment of deposition. Pleistocene loess overlies the Pliocene sediment. The highwalls also revealed northerly-striking late Pliocene or Pleistocene tectonic folding, faulting, and probable earthquake liquefaction in northwestern Mississippi, where no Pliocene or Quaternary tectonic deformation had previously been reported. This study demonstrated Drone aerial photography as a quick, low cost, and safe means to study poorly accessible open-pit mining and to help understand the geology of the lower Mississippi River Valley.

scholarly journals Temporal variability of springs in catchment areas located in the Sudeten Mountains

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Buczyński
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
Spring Discharge ◽  
Stream Data ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Variability Index

Abstract This paper describes the results of research into the freshwater springs occurring in the crystalline and compact sedimentary rocks in the Sudeten Mountains. The research consisted of three series of measurements taken in the hydrological year 2013 in four test catchments (Machowski Stream, Inflow at the foot of Mount Grodziec, Podgórna, Mostowy Stream). Data analysis indicated that the number of springs, spring discharge and physicochemical properties of the water were subject to significant temporal variation. The temporal variability of the spring density index ranged from 7 to 31%. Temporal variations in the total yield of the springs fluctuated between 34 and 63% and the minimum discharge variability index exceeded 100%. The study indicated that water flow in areas consisting of compact sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and marl is much more diffuse than in areas that are comprised primarily of crystalline rocks, which accounts for a lower yield and a decrease in temporal spring discharge variability. In areas made up of crystalline rocks, the higher yield and the higher spring discharge variability index point to cracks and fissures as the main recharge component, a feature characteristic of aquifers with high conductivity and low storage capacities.

Age Determinations in the Circum – Ungava Geosyncline and the Evolution of Precambrian Banded Iron-Formations

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Fold Belt ◽  
Banded Iron Formations ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Valuable Marker ◽  
Iron Formations ◽  
Age Determinations

Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron studies on volcanic and sedimentary rocks from the Belcher Fold Belt in Hudson Bay, and sedimentary rocks from the Labrador Trough and the Lake Mistassini area of Quebec, yield ages of 1800, 1870, and 1790 m.y., respectively. These age determinations substantiate previous correlations between these areas based on stratigraphic and structural similarities. Consequently, the concept of a Circum – Ungava Geosyncline appears to be valid on geochronological grounds, with geosynclinal development terminating with the onset of the Hudsonian orogeny at about 1800 m.y.The Circum – Ungava Geosyncline contains banded iron-formations exhibiting shallow-water sedimentary structures which distinguish them from older banded iron-formations. These deposits probably represent the hydrospheric response to the initial large scale introduction of oxygen to the atmosphere by evolving life forms. Because of their probable unique nature these younger banded iron-formations may serve as a valuable marker horizon for global correlations of Proterozoic strata.

Organic resources of the sea

1982 ◽  
Vol 307 (1499) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
Organic Resources

Despite the vast number of phyla and species in the sea, the major marine resource will continue to be fish for hum an consumption. At the same time, research on methods of preparing an animal protein concentrate, of high nutritional value and acceptable as human food, has pointed the way for the eventual development of a new technology. Other bulk products of marine life-forms have been suggested as organic resources and include specific fatty acids and prostaglandins as therapeutic agents in human medicine as well as fatty alcohols and invertebrate chitin for industrial purposes. Only a few of the many options are considered here since the product must compete in terms of special properties, cost and availability with those derived from biomass of the land, industrial microbiology and from synthetic products made from fossil hydrocarbons. Many biologically active chemicals have been isolated from marine life-forms, but only a few have been used as systemic drugs and selectively toxic agents (antibiotics) in human medicine. These and other chemicals that accumulate in marine organisms would illustrate that species survival in marine ecosystems have evolved specialized metabolic mechanisms that differ from those of terrestrial life-forms. Progress has been slow but it is with the nature and exploitation of these differences that future marine biological and biochemical research and development should be concerned.

scholarly journals VÝVOJ PODZEMNÍHO ODTOKU VE VÝCHODNÍ POLOVINĚ ČR

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Vaníček ◽  
Kateřina Chroustová ◽  
Josefína Bízová ◽  
Adam Říčka
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Vienna Basin ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Flow Rates

The depletion of groundwater storage caused by the climate changes is frequently discussed issue. Thus, the baseflow evolution from 2006 to 2015 (at two locations from 1994 to 2016) was assessed at 10 watersheds situated in the eastern part of Czech Republic. Six observed watersheds are situated in the crystalline rocks (Strážek Moldanubicum and Orlice-Sněžník Unit) and four in sedimentary rocks (Vienna Basin, Ždánice Unit, Vysoké Mýto Syncline and Ústí Syncline). The evolution of the groundwater storage and baseflow is based on the springs and rivers flow rates evaluation respectively. The groundwater storage evolution from the spring watersheds was determined by the Maillet equation. The automated baseflow separation accomplished by PART (USGS) program was applied for the river watersheds and then expressed by linear regression in MS Excel. The long-term decrease of groundwater storage and baseflow was revealed in all observed watersheds. The rate of this decline is very different in each watershed and ranges from 10 to 85%. The increase of groundwater exploitation or change of vegetation cover or seasonal distribution of groundwater recharge was not confirmed. Relating to the correlation between precipitation and baseflow evolution, the reason for groundwater depletion resides in the decreasing amount of precipitation.

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