scholarly journals AN APPROACH OF VICARIOUS CALIBRATION OF SENTINEL-2 SATELLITE MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE BASED ON SPECTRAL LIBRARY FOR MAPPING OIL SPILLS

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W16 ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. A. Althawadi ◽  
M. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Multispectral Image ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Sentinel 2

Abstract. Sentinel-2 satellite Multispectral Image (MSI) is one of the recent advancement of satellite optical imaging for detecting and tracking oil spills. MSI equipped with enhanced radiometric and spatial resolutions, apart from relatively high temporal resolution of every 5 days revisit capability. Both systematic errors of the geometric and radiometric of level 1 and 2 data were successfully treated before any data download for users’ levels applications. As such, leaving the random errors, crucially to be minimized to enable oil spill detection and tracking due to non-discernible absolute signatures of spills against the scene background and the look-alikes. The magnitude of these random errors’ minimization and the efficacy of the MSI absolute signatures within visible bands for oil spills is very crucial. However, it is rarely reported; in fact, it is a new issue to be addressed accordingly. The calibrating tool was created with oil spill spots revealed by the official authorities. Whereas, the spill pixels are identified in the corresponding pre-processed Sentinel MSI image using region growing segmentation algorithm. These spill pixels grown were analyzed against the RGB bands, logistically regressed against the oil spill via a spectral library of the crude oil type. Originated from Arabian Gulf region with an average film thickness of 0.5 to 4 mm; reporting a calibrating function in a form gain and bias corrections for RGB bands, respectively. The results indicated that calibrated MSI spill pixels have higher correlation (r2 > 0.85, p < 0.001). As the signature variations were used to formulate calibration matrices for spills identified from satellite images which can be used for processing of spill monitoring system.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF THE THICKNESS AND EMULSION RATE OF OIL SPILLED AT SEA USING HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY IN THE SWIR DOMAIN

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-3/W3 ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sicot ◽  
M. Lennon ◽  
V. Miegebielle ◽  
D. Dubucq
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Reflectance Spectrum ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Bonn Agreement

The thickness and the emulsion rate of an oil spill are two key parameters allowing to design a tailored response to an oil discharge. If estimated on per pixel basis at a high spatial resolution, the estimation of the oil thickness allows the volume of pollutant to be estimated, and that volume is needed in order to evaluate the magnitude of the pollution, and to determine the most adapted recovering means to use. The estimation of the spatial distribution of the thicknesses also allows the guidance of the recovering means at sea. The emulsion rate can guide the strategy to adopt in order to deal with an offshore oil spill: efficiency of dispersants is for example not identical on a pure oil or on an emulsion. Moreover, the thickness and emulsion rate allow the amount of the oil that has been discharged to be estimated. It appears that the shape of the reflectance spectrum of oil in the SWIR range (1000&ndash;2500nm) varies according to the emulsion rate and to the layer thickness. That shape still varies when the oil layer reaches a few millimetres, which is not the case in the visible range (400&ndash;700nm), where the spectral variation saturates around 200 &mu;m (the upper limit of the Bonn agreement oil appearance code). In that context, hyperspectral imagery in the SWIR range shows a high potential to describe and characterize oil spills. Previous methods which intend to estimate those two parameters are based on the use of a spectral library. In that paper, we will present a method based on the inversion of a simple radiative transfer model in the oil layer. We will show that the proposed method is robust against another parameter that affects the reflectance spectrum: the size of water droplets in the emulsion. The method shows relevant results using measurements made in laboratory, equivalent to the ones obtained using methods based on the use of a spectral library. The method has the advantage to release the need of a spectral library, and to provide maps of thickness and emulsion rate values per pixel. The maps obtained are not composed of regions of thickness ranges, such as the ones obtained using discretized levels of measurements in the spectral library, or maps made from visual observations following the Bonn agreement oil appearance code.

scholarly journals Oil Spill Index (OSI) to Sentinel-2 Satellite Data: QU in International Contribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rajendran ◽  
AS Fahad ◽  
FN Sadooni ◽  
HAS Al-Kuwari ◽  
P Vethamony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Spectral Absorption ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Sentinel 2

An Oil Spill Index (OSI = (B3+B4)/B2) was developed and applied to Sentinel-2 optical satellite data of the European Space Agency (ESA) to map marine oil spills using spectral absorption characters of spectral bands of the Sentinel-2. The potential application of OSI and derived indices [i. (5+6)/7, (3+4)/2, (11+12)/8 and ii. 3/2, (3+4)/2, (6+7)/5] were demonstrated to the oil spills that occurred off Mauritius, Indian Ocean, on August 06, 2020, and Norilsk region, Russia on May 29, 2020, and the results were published in the peer-reviewed research journals. Recently (August 19, 2021), our methodology was recognized by the Sentinel-Hub (a repository of custom scripts) https://custom-scripts.sentinel-hub.com/sentinel-2/oil-spill-index/ for OSI calculation. We validated the remote sensing results with the drone images taken during the incident. Our OSI index is the first to be applied to Sentinel-2 optical data to map oil spills. We proved the potential of indices and the capability of Sentinel sensors to detect, map, monitor, and assess the oil spill, which can be used for emergency preparedness of oil spills.

scholarly journals An improved RST approach for timely alert and Near Real Time monitoring of oil spill disasters by using AVHRR data

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1281-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. L. Grimaldi ◽  
D. Casciello ◽  
I. Coviello ◽  
T. Lacava ◽  
N. Pergola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Noaa Avhrr ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infrared Data

Abstract. Information acquired and provided in Near Real Time is fundamental in contributing to reduce the impact of different sea pollution sources on the maritime environment. Optical data acquired by sensors aboard meteorological satellites, thanks to their high temporal resolution as well as to their delivery policy, can be profitably used for a Near Real Time sea monitoring, provided that accurate and reliable methodologies for analysis and investigation are designed, implemented and fully assessed. In this paper, the results achieved by the application of an improved version of RST (Robust Satellite Technique) to oil spill detection and monitoring will be shown. In particular, thermal infrared data acquired by the NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) have been analyzed and a new RST-based change detection index applied to the case of the oil spills that occurred off the Kuwait and Saudi Arabian coasts in January 1991 and during the Lebanon War in July 2006. The results obtained, even in comparison with those achieved by other AVHRR-based techniques, confirm the unique performance of the proposed approach in automatically detecting the presence of oil spill with a high level of reliability and sensitivity. Moreover, the potential of the extension of the proposed technique to sensors onboard geostationary satellites will be discussed within the context of oil spill monitoring systems, integrating products generated by high temporal (optical) and high spatial (radar) resolution satellite systems.

GAOCMAO—INDUSTRY'S APPROACH TO COOPERATIVE SPILL RESPONSE IN THE ARABIAN GULF

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 607-613
Author(s):  
P. Bernard Ryan ◽  
Derek J. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Response Capability

ABSTRACT In 1972, a group of oil companies operating in the western half of the Arabian Gulf came together to form an organization for the purpose of improving their capability to combat oil pollution. The companies sought to establish a joint oil spill response capability, not by setting up a separate, operational response group like other more conventional cooperatives, but instead by utilizing the principle of mutual assistance in times of need. The resulting organization, kown as the Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organisation (GAOCMAO), has proved its effectiveness in several major oil pollution incidents over its twelve years of existence and has gained recognition as a credible and responsible representative of the oil industry's views on matters relating to marine pollution in the Gulf region. Subsequent to the establishment of GAOCMAO, environmental awareness in the Gulf area generally has increased very significantly. Regional and state organizations have been set up by the various Gulf states' governments to monitor the environmental effects of industry of all kinds, including oil, and to develop appropriate control measures. To some extent, these changes have been reflected in an expansion of GAOCMAO's interests to areas outside those purely of oil spill response, but the primary commitment to joint response capability through mutual aid has not diminished. This paper describes the history and development of GAOCMAO since its formation, examines the manner in which it functions, and describes some of the incidents to which it has responded. The growing interaction between GAOCMAO and the various national and regional environmental groups in the Gulf area is examined and an attempt made to put into perspective the relative responsibilities, in terms of oil spill response, of the Gulf area's oil companies and the corresponding governmental organizations.

scholarly journals MAPPING OIL SPILLS ON SEA SURFACE FROM SENTINEL 2 IMAGES USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS AND CATEGORICAL BOOSTING

2022 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W3-2021 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
R. J. L. Argamosa ◽  
A. C. Blanco ◽  
R. B. Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Manila Bay ◽  
Boosting Algorithm ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Sentinel 2 ◽  
Band Image

Abstract. A large oil spill in Iloilo Straight that occurred on July 3, 2020, as well as a possible deliberate, small but frequent oil spill and surfactant contamination in Manila Bay, were mapped. The method employs the Sentinel 2-1C image, which is transformed into principal components to reveal the presence of oil spills and possibly surfactants. Additionally, a gradient boosting algorithm was trained to discriminate between pixels that were contaminated with oil and those that were not. The multi-band image with three principal components with a 99% cumulative explained variance ratio highlights the occurrence of an oil spill in Iloilo Straight. Further, the classified image produced by pixel-based classification clearly distinguishes between water and oil pixels in the said area. The methodology was applied to a Sentinel 2-1C image of Manila Bay, with pixels observed/identified as oil and classified as well. The highest density of supposedly oil-contaminated pixels (large or small but frequent) was observed on the eastern side of Manila Bay (Bataan). While there were no documented oil spills concurrent to the satellite image used, historical reports on the area indicate that the likelihood of an oil spill is extremely high due to the massive amount of shipping activity. Pixels supposedly contaminated by oil spills also occur in areas near ports where oil spills could occur as a result of ship operations. Pixels with the same properties as oil contamination are also visible in areas adjacent to fishponds and aquaculture, where phytoplankton and fish contribute to surfactant contamination.

scholarly journals Determination of Sentinel-2 spectral reflectance to detect oil spill on the sea surface

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Pingkan Mayestika Afgatiani ◽  
Fanny Aditya Putri ◽  
Argo Galih Suhadha ◽  
Andi Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Blue Band ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Sentinel 2

Oil spill is one of the most common marine environmental problems. Oil spills can be caused by leakage at oil refineries at sea or disposal of vessel waste. This event has an impact on various sectors, such as fisheries, tourism, and marine ecosystems. This study aims to determine the spectral reflectance of Sentinel-2 response to detecting oil spill on the sea. Oil identification in the sea can be made visually by looking at colored patterns at sea level. Sentinel-2 image reflectance was obtained by processing the image using the Google Earth Engine platform. The results were clipped according to the area of ​​interest and divided to get a value between 0 and 1. Bands combination is possible to identify the oil spill visually. The silvery pattern saw in the red-green-blue combination, but it is arduous to estimate its distribution because of the silvery pattern seen for thick oil. The combination of SWIR-NIR-red bands proved effective in showing the distribution of oil with a deep black pattern. Spectral measurements in the field were undertaken by taking samples in the areas of oil spills and clean water bodies. The oil layer had a lower reflectance than the clean water body. The blue band gave a high response, but the red band gave less response. In the NIR and SWIR bands, the reflectance of oil was lower than the water body. In conclusion, the SWIR - NIR - RED band combination is better used to determine oil spills due to it shows the characteristics of oil generally, either thin or thick oil.

Iraq's alternatives in light of the challenges surrounding the security of the Arabian Gulf: the challenges of security of navigation in the Strait of Hormuz

2020 ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Amer Hassan Thabit
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Regional Conflicts ◽  
Regional Conflict ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Strait Of Hormuz ◽  
Maritime Navigation ◽  
Arab Gulf ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The Arab Gulf region in particular, and with it the entire Arab region in general, is witnessing multiple challenges and conflicts, escalating, in a way that reflects the presence of overlapping in the dimensions: internal, regional and international, which imposes important effects on Iraq. Iraq is part of the Arab Gulf region, and it interferes with it: historically, geographically, ethnically, and politically. It cannot be overlooked that Iraq was in historical stages that was considered the dominant force in this region, especially in the stage of the civilization’s dominance before the role of Iraq and its place in civilization declines. Today, the region is witnessing multiple challenges, which began with the escalation of regional sectarian political events associated with the event of the occupation of Iraq, with a tendency to disturb the regional balance due to the dismantling of the capabilities of Iraq, and the matter came to the loosening of regional conflicts due to what the region is going through, and the perspective of the active forces in it, which has overcome the perspective The struggle for cooperation. The entry or presence of the international worker in the regional conflicts in the Arab Gulf region caused the intensity of the conflicts to multiply instead of settling them, and Iran has presented on more than one occasion that it has the capabilities to implement the option of closing the Strait of Hormuz or impeding the freedom and safety of maritime navigation in international waters in the Arabian Gulf, And the matter was not related to the US sanctions regime on Iran in the year 2018 and beyond, but it is before it.     The Iranian threat to close the Strait of Hormuz at the very least, or any development in the regional conflict in the region, can damage the interests of Iraq and its security, for two reasons: First, most of Iraq’s trade passes through the waters of the Persian Gulf, and the second is that there is an overlap between Iraq and peoples and countries The region, and just as sectarianism moved from Iraq to the region after 2003, the Gulf conflict and tension can move into Iraq or affect Iraq’s policy. Iraq should search for political alternatives that help it in dealing with the developments of the conflict in the Arab Gulf region. Perhaps this research presents some of the options and alternatives that can help the Iraqi decision-maker, if there is an important development in the Gulf-Western conflict with Iran

Branding of Germany’s Transnational Education and its Potentials in the Arabian Gulf Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaa Ashour
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Transnational Education ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Demand For Education ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Arabian Gulf Region ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Foreign Education

Transnational education (TNE), responding to the growing global demand for education, plays a fundamental role in the current debate on the internationalisation and globalisation of higher education. Conducting a systematic literature review, this paper examines the characteristics of German transnational education, which has little in common with the American and British models, the reasons for its limited presence in the Gulf and its potential for having a stronger footprint. Since education for Germany is a public good, financial gain has never been a decisive factor for German universities to venture abroad. Whilst the Gulf Region is the largest importer of foreign education, German TNE is only represented by one university there, compared to the overwhelming number of US, UK and Australian higher education institutions. Although the Gulf Region is considered as a lucrative and appealing market for foreign education, lack of engagement of German TNE there could be interpreted through public policy-related reasons. Since Germany has already established its footprint in creating a unique brand of TNE, the paper recommends to build upon the country’s expertise in low-risk option for Germany to invest in the Gulf. For this to materialise, Germany must build awareness of its unique brand to stand out among the competition. 

ECOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF THE COASTS OF THE KARA SEA TO THE OIL SPILL

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ermolov ◽  
Alexander Ermolov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
International System ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
International Systems

International experience of oil spill response in the sea defines the priority of coastal protection and the need to identify as most valuable in ecological terms and the most vulnerable areas. Methodological approaches to the assessing the vulnerability of Arctic coasts to oil spills based on international systems of Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) and geomorphological zoning are considered in the article. The comprehensive environmental and geomorphological approach allowed us to form the morphodynamic basis for the classification of seacoasts and try to adapt the international system of indexes to the shores of the Kara Sea taking into account the specific natural conditions. This work has improved the expert assessments of the vulnerability and resilience of the seacoasts.

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