Application of Lidar Data and 3D-City Models in Visual Impact Simulations of Tall Buildings

The paper examines possibilities and limitations of application of Lidar data and digital 3D-city models to provide specialist urban analyses of tall buildings. The location and height of tall buildings is a subject of discussions, conflicts and controversies in many cities. The most important aspect is the visual influence of tall buildings to the city landscape, significant panoramas and other strategic city views. It is an actual issue in contemporary town planning worldwide. Over 50% of high-rise buildings on Earth were built in last 15 years. Tall buildings may be a threat especially for historically developed cities – typical for Europe. Contemporary Earth observation, more and more available Lidar scanning and 3D city models are a new tool for more accurate urban analysis of the tall buildings impact. The article presents appropriate simulation techniques, general assumption of geometric and computational algorithms – available methodologies and individual methods develop by author. The goal is to develop the geometric computation methods for GIS representation of the visual impact of a selected tall building to the structure of large city. In reference to this, the article introduce a Visual Impact Size method (VIS). Presented analyses were developed by application of airborne Lidar / DSM model and more processed models (like CityGML), containing the geometry and it’s semantics. Included simulations were carried out on an example of the agglomeration of Berlin.

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Study of City Landscape Heritage Using Lidar Data and 3d-City Models

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1395-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol XL-7/W3 ◽

pp. 1395-1402 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P. Rubinowicz ◽

K. Czyńska

Keyword(s):

Urban Landscape ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Town Planning ◽

Lidar Data ◽

Maximum Height ◽

City Development ◽

3D City Models ◽

Urban Structures ◽

The City ◽

City Models

In contemporary town planning protection of urban landscape is a significant issue. It regards especially those cities, where urban structures are the result of ages of evolution and layering of historical development process. Specific panoramas and other strategic views with historic city dominants can be an important part of the cultural heritage and genius loci. Other hand, protection of such expositions introduces limitations for future based city development. Digital Earth observation techniques creates new possibilities for more accurate urban studies, monitoring of urbanization processes and measuring of city landscape parameters. The paper examines possibilities of application of Lidar data and digital 3D-city models for: a) evaluation of strategic city views, b) mapping landscape absorption limits, and c) determination protection zones, where the urbanization and buildings height should be limited. In reference to this goal, the paper introduces a method of computational analysis of the city landscape called Visual Protection Surface (VPS). The method allows to emulate a virtual surface above the city including protection of a selected strategic views. The surface defines maximum height of buildings in such a way, that no new facility can be seen in any of selected views. The research includes also analyses of the quality of simulations according the form and precision of the input data: airborne Lidar / DSM model and more advanced 3D-city models (incl. semantic of the geometry, like in CityGML format). The outcome can be a support for professional planning of tall building development. Application of VPS method have been prepared by a computer program developed by the authors (C++). Simulations were carried out on an example of the city of Dresden.

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Computing and monitoring potential of public spaces by shading analysis using 3d lidar data and advanced image analysis

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-743-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol XL-7/W3 ◽

pp. 743-750 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Zwolinski ◽

M. Jarzemski

Keyword(s):

Tall Buildings ◽

Public Spaces ◽

Lidar Data ◽

Data Types ◽

3D City Models ◽

European Cities ◽

Computer Environment ◽

Definition Of ◽

3D Lidar ◽

City Models

The paper regards specific context of public spaces in “shadow” of tall buildings located in European cities. Majority of tall buildings in European cities were built in last 15 years. Tall buildings appear mainly in city centres, directly at important public spaces being viable environment for inhabitants with variety of public functions (open spaces, green areas, recreation places, shops, services etc.). All these amenities and services are under direct impact of extensive shading coming from the tall buildings. The paper focuses on analyses and representation of impact of shading from tall buildings on various public spaces in cities using 3D city models. Computer environment of 3D city models in cityGML standard uses 3D LiDAR data as one of data types for definition of 3D cities. The structure of cityGML allows analytic applications using existing computer tools, as well as developing new techniques to estimate extent of shading coming from high-risers, affecting life in public spaces. These measurable shading parameters in specific time are crucial for proper functioning, viability and attractiveness of public spaces – finally it is extremely important for location of tall buildings at main public spaces in cities. The paper explores impact of shading from tall buildings in different spatial contexts on the background of using cityGML models based on core LIDAR data to support controlled urban development in sense of viable public spaces. The article is prepared within research project 2TaLL: Application of 3D Virtual City Models in Urban Analyses of Tall Buildings, realized as a part of Polish-Norway Grants.

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Building Virtual 3D City Model for Smart Cities Applications: A Case Study on Campus Area of the University of Novi Sad

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi9080476 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 476 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dušan Jovanović ◽

Stevan Milovanov ◽

Igor Ruskovski ◽

Miro Govedarica ◽

Dubravka Sladić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smart Cities ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

3D City Models ◽

3D City Model ◽

City Model ◽

Novi Sad ◽

The University ◽

The City ◽

City Models

The Smart Cities data and applications need to replicate, as faithfully as possible, the state of the city and to simulate possible alternative futures. In order to do this, the modelling of the city should cover all aspects of the city that are relevant to the problems that require smart solutions. In this context, 2D and 3D spatial data play a key role, in particular 3D city models. One of the methods for collecting data that can be used for developing such 3D city models is Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a technology that has provided opportunities to generate large-scale 3D city models at relatively low cost. The collected data is further processed to obtain fully developed photorealistic virtual 3D city models. The goal of this research is to develop virtual 3D city model based on airborne LiDAR surveying and to analyze its applicability toward Smart Cities applications. It this paper, we present workflow that goes from data collection by LiDAR, through extract, transform, load (ETL) transformations and data processing to developing 3D virtual city model and finally discuss its future potential usage scenarios in various fields of application such as modern ICT-based urban planning and 3D cadaster. The results are presented on the case study of campus area of the University of Novi Sad.

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On the Reliable Generation of 3D City Models from Open Data

Urban Science ◽

10.3390/urbansci4040047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Renoy Girindran ◽

Doreen S Boyd ◽

Julian Rosser ◽

Dhanya Vijayan ◽

Gavin Long ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Open Source ◽

3D Model ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Data Availability ◽

Small Subset ◽

Surface Model ◽

High Resolution Data ◽

3D City Models ◽

City Models

A 3D model communicates more effectively than a 2D model, hence the applications of 3D city models are rapidly gaining significance in urban studies. However, presently, there is a dearth of free of cost, high-resolution 3D city models available for use. This paper offers potential solutions to this problem by providing a globally replicable methodology to generate low-cost 3D city models from open source 2D building data in conjunction with open satellite-based elevation datasets. Two geographically and morphologically different case studies were used to develop and test this methodology: the Chinese city of Shanghai and the city of Nottingham in the UK. The method is based principally on OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D digital surface model (AW3D DSM) data and use GMTED 2010 DTM data for undulating terrain. Further enhancement of the resultant 3D model, though not compulsory, uses higher resolution elevation models that are not always open source, but if available can be used (i.e., airborne LiDAR generated DTM). Further we test and develop methods to improve the accuracy of the generated 3D models, employing a small subset of high resolution data that are not open source but can be purchased with a minimal budgets. Given these scenarios of data availability are globally applicable and time-efficient for 3D building generation (where 2D building footprints are available), our proposed methodology has the potential to accelerate the production of 3D city models, and thus to facilitate their dependent applications (e.g., disaster management) wherever commercial 3D city models are unavailable.

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EXTRACTION OF BUILDING BOUNDARY LINES FROM AIRBORNE LIDAR POINT CLOUDS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b3-957-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol XLI-B3 ◽

pp. 957-962 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yi-Hsing Tseng ◽

Hsiao-Chu Hung

Keyword(s):

Spatial Information ◽

Tall Buildings ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Topographic Maps ◽

Lidar Data ◽

Boundary Line ◽

Boundary Points ◽

Line Features ◽

Boundary Lines

Building boundary lines are important spatial features that characterize the topographic maps and three-dimensional (3D) city models. Airborne LiDAR Point clouds provide adequate 3D spatial information for building boundary mapping. However, information of boundary features contained in point clouds is implicit. This study focuses on developing an automatic algorithm of building boundary line extraction from airborne LiDAR data. In an airborne LiDAR dataset, top surfaces of buildings, such as roofs, tend to have densely distributed points, but vertical surfaces, such as walls, usually have sparsely distributed points or even no points. The intersection lines of roof and wall planes are, therefore, not clearly defined in point clouds. This paper proposes a novel method to extract those boundary lines of building edges. The extracted line features can be used as fundamental data to generate topographic maps of 3D city model for an urban area. The proposed method includes two major process steps. The first step is to extract building boundary points from point clouds. Then the second step is followed to form building boundary line features based on the extracted boundary points. In this step, a line fitting algorithm is developed to improve the edge extraction from LiDAR data. Eight test objects, including 4 simple low buildings and 4 complicated tall buildings, were selected from the buildings in NCKU campus. The test results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in extracting complicate building boundary lines. Some results which are not as good as expected suggest the need of further improvement of the method.

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VISUALISATION OF COMPLEX 3D CITY MODELS ON MOBILE WEBBROWSERS USING CLOUD-BASED IMAGE PROVISIONING

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-517-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol II-3/W5 ◽

pp. 517-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Christen ◽

S. Nebiker

Keyword(s):

Ray Tracing ◽

Mobile Devices ◽

Large City ◽

Level Of Detail ◽

3D City Models ◽

Vast Amount ◽

Impossible Task ◽

Interactive Frame ◽

Rendering Techniques ◽

City Models

Rendering large city models with high polygon count and a vast amount of textures at interactive frame rates is a rather difficult to impossible task as it highly depends on the client hardware, which is often insufficient, even if out-of-core rendering techniques and level of detail approaches are used. Rendering complex city models on mobile devices is even more challenging. An approach of rendering and caching very large city models in the cloud using ray-tracing based image provisioning is introduced. This allows rendering large scenes efficiently, including on mobile devices. With this approach, it is possible to render cities with nearly unlimited number of polygons and textures.

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An amalgamation of 3D city models in urban air quality modelling for improving visual impact analysis

Air Pollution XXIII ◽

10.2495/air150051 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

U. Ujang

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Impact Analysis ◽

Urban Air Quality ◽

Urban Air ◽

Air Quality Modelling ◽

3D City Models ◽

Visual Impact ◽

City Models

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SEMI-AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF AN LOD1 AND LOD2 3D CITY MODEL OF TANAUAN CITY, BATANGAS USING OPENSTREETMAP AND TAAL OPEN LIDAR DATA IN QGIS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w6-2021-77-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol XLVI-4/W6-2021 ◽

pp. 77-84

Author(s):

P. H. T. Camacho ◽

V. M. R. Santiago ◽

C. J. S. Sarmiento

Keyword(s):

Test Bench ◽

The Philippines ◽

Lidar Data ◽

3D City Models ◽

3D City Model ◽

Building Models ◽

Tree Classifier ◽

City Model ◽

City Models ◽

Building Reconstruction

Abstract. 3D city models have found purpose beyond simple visualization of space by serving as building blocks of digital twins and smart cities. These are useful to urban areas in the Philippines through diversified applications: urban planning, disaster mitigation, environmental monitoring, and policy making. This study explored the use of free and open-source software to generate an LOD1 and LOD2 3D city model of Tanauan City, Batangas using building footprints from OpenStreetMap and elevation models from Taal Open LiDAR data. The proposed approach consists of GIS-based methods including data pre-processing, building height extraction, roof identification, building reconstruction, and visualization. The study adopted methods from previous studies for building detection and from Zheng et al. (2017) for LOD2 building reconstruction. For LOD1, a decision tree classifier was devised to determine the appropriate height for building extrusion. For LOD2, a model-driven approach using multipatch surfaces was utilized for building reconstruction. The workflow was able to reconstruct 70.66% LOD1 building models and 55.87% LOD2 building models with 44.37% overall accuracy. The RMSE and MAE between the extracted heights from the workflow and from manual digitization has an accuracy lower than 1 m which was within the standards of CityGML. The processing time in test bench 1 and test bench 2 for LOD1 took 00:12:54.5 and 00:09:27.2 while LOD2 took 02:50:29.1 and 01:27:48.2, respectively. The results suggest that the efficient generation of LOD1 and LOD2 3D city models from open data can be achieved in the FOSS environment using less computationally intensive GIS-based algorithms.

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