scholarly journals Computing and monitoring potential of public spaces by shading analysis using 3d lidar data and advanced image analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zwolinski ◽  
M. Jarzemski
Keyword(s):  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Data Types ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Computer Environment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
3D Lidar ◽  
City Models

The paper regards specific context of public spaces in “shadow” of tall buildings located in European cities. Majority of tall buildings in European cities were built in last 15 years. Tall buildings appear mainly in city centres, directly at important public spaces being viable environment for inhabitants with variety of public functions (open spaces, green areas, recreation places, shops, services etc.). All these amenities and services are under direct impact of extensive shading coming from the tall buildings. The paper focuses on analyses and representation of impact of shading from tall buildings on various public spaces in cities using 3D city models. Computer environment of 3D city models in cityGML standard uses 3D LiDAR data as one of data types for definition of 3D cities. The structure of cityGML allows analytic applications using existing computer tools, as well as developing new techniques to estimate extent of shading coming from high-risers, affecting life in public spaces. These measurable shading parameters in specific time are crucial for proper functioning, viability and attractiveness of public spaces – finally it is extremely important for location of tall buildings at main public spaces in cities. The paper explores impact of shading from tall buildings in different spatial contexts on the background of using cityGML models based on core LIDAR data to support controlled urban development in sense of viable public spaces. The article is prepared within research project 2TaLL: Application of 3D Virtual City Models in Urban Analyses of Tall Buildings, realized as a part of Polish-Norway Grants.

scholarly journals Application of Lidar Data and 3D-City Models in Visual Impact Simulations of Tall Buildings

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 1359-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Czyńska
Keyword(s):  
Large City ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Visual Impact ◽  
City Models

The paper examines possibilities and limitations of application of Lidar data and digital 3D-city models to provide specialist urban analyses of tall buildings. The location and height of tall buildings is a subject of discussions, conflicts and controversies in many cities. The most important aspect is the visual influence of tall buildings to the city landscape, significant panoramas and other strategic city views. It is an actual issue in contemporary town planning worldwide. Over 50% of high-rise buildings on Earth were built in last 15 years. Tall buildings may be a threat especially for historically developed cities – typical for Europe. Contemporary Earth observation, more and more available Lidar scanning and 3D city models are a new tool for more accurate urban analysis of the tall buildings impact. The article presents appropriate simulation techniques, general assumption of geometric and computational algorithms – available methodologies and individual methods develop by author. The goal is to develop the geometric computation methods for GIS representation of the visual impact of a selected tall building to the structure of large city. In reference to this, the article introduce a Visual Impact Size method (VIS). Presented analyses were developed by application of airborne Lidar / DSM model and more processed models (like CityGML), containing the geometry and it’s semantics. Included simulations were carried out on an example of the agglomeration of Berlin.

scholarly journals Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Noardo ◽  
Lars Harrie ◽  
Ken Arroyo Ohori ◽  
Filip Biljecki ◽  
Claire Ellul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Design ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Building Permits ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
City Models

The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be tackled and solved, i.e., harmonization of features, interoperability, format conversions, integration of procedures. The GeoBIM benchmark 2019, funded by ISPRS and EuroSDR, evaluated the state of implementation of tools addressing some of those issues. In particular, in the part of the benchmark described in this paper, the application of georeferencing to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models and making consistent conversions between 3D city models and BIM are investigated, considering the OGC CityGML and buildingSMART IFC as reference standards. In the benchmark, sample datasets in the two reference standards were provided. External volunteers were asked to describe and test georeferencing procedures for IFC models and conversion tools between CityGML and IFC. From the analysis of the delivered answers and processed datasets, it was possible to notice that while there are tools and procedures available to support georeferencing and data conversion, comprehensive definition of the requirements, clear rules to perform such two tasks, as well as solid technological solutions implementing them, are still lacking in functionalities. Those specific issues can be a sensible starting point for planning the next GeoBIM integration agendas.

scholarly journals AN IMPROVED LOD FRAMEWORK FOR THE TERRAINS IN 3D CITY MODELS

2019 ◽  
Vol IV-4/W8 ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kumar ◽  
A. Labetski ◽  
H. Ledoux ◽  
J. Stoter
Keyword(s):  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
City Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
3D City Modelling ◽  
Software Prototype ◽  
City Models

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings, bridges, tunnels, and to some extent for roads, there is no clear definition of LODs for terrain/relief, vegetation, land use, water bodies, and generic city objects in CityGML. In addition, extensive research has been done to refine the LOD concept of CityGML for buildings but little is known on requirements and possibilities to model city object types as terrain at different LODs. To address this gap, we focus in this paper on the terrain of a 3D city model and propose a framework for modelling terrains at different LODs in CityGML. As a proof of concept of our framework, we implemented a software prototype to generate terrain models with other city features integrated (e.g. buildings) at different LODs in CityGML.</p>

scholarly journals A 3D CAMPUS APPLICATION BASED ON CITY MODELS AND WEBGL

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-5 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Buyukdemircioglu ◽  
S. Kocaman
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Data Types ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Gis Applications ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Virtual Platform ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
City Models

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In parallel with the technological developments, the conventional ways of mapping and the presentation of the geospatial data have changed significantly. 3D city models including the digital terrain models (DTMs) have become important for many application fields, such as simulation and visualization tasks for navigation, urban planning, environmental monitoring, disaster management, etc. Although currently most 3D city models are employed for visualization purposes, their application areas are increasing continuously. The presentation of these models on the web is also becoming more common than before while overcoming the performance issues with newer data types and functionalities. The biggest advantage of using web browsers is that they can be accessed everywhere without any additional software requirements. Therefore, the tools for web-based implementations of virtual globes, which allow users to navigate their data in 3D, have been available with greater numbers of functionality they offer. Online virtual web globes provide a good base for the 3D Geographical Information System (GIS) applications as well. 3D city models have also become virtual environments where different spatial queries and analysis can be performed. As a part of a 3D WebGIS, a city model enriched with semantic information provides a virtual platform for decision makers and allows realistic simulations for planning. The main aims of this study are to develop a prototype of a 3D GIS environment for Hacettepe University Beytepe campus, including 3D building geometries enriched with semantic information and a high resolution DTM; and to design a web interface using an open source virtual globe.</p>

scholarly journals PLASTIC SURGERY FOR 3D CITY MODELS: A PIPELINE FOR AUTOMATIC GEOMETRY REFINEMENT AND SEMANTIC ENRICHMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol V-4-2021 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
O. Wysocki ◽  
B. Schwab ◽  
L. Hoegner ◽  
T. H. Kolbe ◽  
U. Stilla
Keyword(s):  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Semantic Enrichment ◽  
Simulation Engine ◽  
Global Accuracy ◽  
Model Database ◽  
City Models

Abstract. Nowadays, the number of connected devices providing unstructured data is rapidly rising. These devices acquire data with a temporal and spatial resolution at an unprecedented level creating an influx of geoinformation which, however, lacks semantic information. Simultaneously, structured datasets like semantic 3D city models are widely available and assure rich semantics and high global accuracy but are represented by rather coarse geometries. While the mentioned downsides curb the usability of these data types for nowadays’ applications, the fusion of both shall maximize their potential. Since testing and developing automated driving functions stands at the forefront of the challenges, we propose a pipeline fusing structured (CityGML and HD Map datasets) and unstructured datasets (MLS point clouds) to maximize their advantages in the automatic 3D road space models reconstruction domain. The pipeline is a parameterized end-to-end solution that integrates segmentation, reconstruction, and modeling tasks while ensuring geometric and semantic validity of models. Firstly, the segmentation of point clouds is supported by the transfer of semantics from a structured to an unstructured dataset. The distinction between horizontal- and vertical-like point cloud subsets enforces a further segmentation or an immediate refinement while only adequately depicted models by point clouds are allowed. Then, based on the classified and filtered point clouds the input 3D model geometries are refined. Building upon the refinement, the semantic enrichment of the 3D models is presented. The deployment of a simulation engine for automated driving research and a city model database tool underlines the versatility of possible application areas.

scholarly journals WHAT IS THE NEED FOR BUILDING PARTS? – A COMPARISON OF CITYGML, INSPIRE BUILDING AND A SWEDISH BUILDING STANDARD

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W10 ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Eriksson ◽  
L. Harrie ◽  
J. M. Paasch
Keyword(s):  
Industry Foundation Classes ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
City Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
City Models

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The need for digital building information is increasing, both in the form of 3D city models (as geodata) and of more detailed building information models (BIM). BIM models are mainly used in the architecture, engineering and construction industry, but have recently become interesting also for municipalities. The overall aim of this paper is to study one way of dividing a building, namely the division of a building into building parts in both 3D city models and in BIM models. The study starts by an inventory of how building parts are defined in 3D city model standards (CityGML, the INSPIRE building specification and a Swedish national specification for buildings) and in BIM models (Industry Foundation Classes, IFC). The definition of building parts in these specifications are compared and evaluated. The paper also describes potential applications for the use of building parts, on what grounds a building could be divided into building parts, advantages and disadvantages of having building parts and what consequences it can have on the usage of the building information. One finding is that building parts is defined similar, but not identical in the studied geodata specifications and there are no requirements, only recommendations on how buildings should be divided into building parts. This can complicate the modelling, exchange and reuse of building information, and in a longer perspective, it would be desirable to have recommendations of how to define and use building parts in for example a national context.</p>

scholarly journals Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Noardo ◽  
Lars Harrie ◽  
Ken Arroyo Ohori ◽  
Filip Biljecki ◽  
Claire Ellul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Design ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Building Permits ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
City Models

The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), abbreviated as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g. 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be tackled and solved, i.e. harmonization of features, interoperability, format conversions, integration of procedures. The GeoBIM benchmark 2019, funded by ISPRS and EuroSDR, evaluated the state of implementation of tools addressing some of those issues. In particular, in the part of the benchmark described in this paper, the application of georeferencing to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models and making consistent conversions between 3D city models and BIM are investigated, considering the OGC CityGML and buildingSMART IFC as reference standards. In the benchmark, sample datasets in the two reference standards were provided. External volunteers were asked to describe and test georeferencing procedures for IFC models and conversion tools between CityGML and IFC. From the analysis of the delivered answers and processed datasets, it was possible to notice that while there are tools and procedures available to support georeferencing and data conversion, comprehensive definition of the requirements, clear rules to perform such two tasks, as well as solid technological solutions implementing them, are still lacking in functionalities. Those specific issues can be a sensible starting point for planning the next GeoBIM integration agendas.

scholarly journals Study of City Landscape Heritage Using Lidar Data and 3d-City Models

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 1395-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rubinowicz ◽  
K. Czyńska
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
City Development ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
City Models

In contemporary town planning protection of urban landscape is a significant issue. It regards especially those cities, where urban structures are the result of ages of evolution and layering of historical development process. Specific panoramas and other strategic views with historic city dominants can be an important part of the cultural heritage and genius loci. Other hand, protection of such expositions introduces limitations for future based city development. Digital Earth observation techniques creates new possibilities for more accurate urban studies, monitoring of urbanization processes and measuring of city landscape parameters. The paper examines possibilities of application of Lidar data and digital 3D-city models for: a) evaluation of strategic city views, b) mapping landscape absorption limits, and c) determination protection zones, where the urbanization and buildings height should be limited. In reference to this goal, the paper introduces a method of computational analysis of the city landscape called Visual Protection Surface (VPS). The method allows to emulate a virtual surface above the city including protection of a selected strategic views. The surface defines maximum height of buildings in such a way, that no new facility can be seen in any of selected views. The research includes also analyses of the quality of simulations according the form and precision of the input data: airborne Lidar / DSM model and more advanced 3D-city models (incl. semantic of the geometry, like in CityGML format). The outcome can be a support for professional planning of tall building development. Application of VPS method have been prepared by a computer program developed by the authors (C++). Simulations were carried out on an example of the city of Dresden.

scholarly journals SEMI-AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF AN LOD1 AND LOD2 3D CITY MODEL OF TANAUAN CITY, BATANGAS USING OPENSTREETMAP AND TAAL OPEN LIDAR DATA IN QGIS

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W6-2021 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
P. H. T. Camacho ◽  
V. M. R. Santiago ◽  
C. J. S. Sarmiento
Keyword(s):  
Test Bench ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Tree Classifier ◽  
City Model ◽  
City Models ◽  
Building Reconstruction

Abstract. 3D city models have found purpose beyond simple visualization of space by serving as building blocks of digital twins and smart cities. These are useful to urban areas in the Philippines through diversified applications: urban planning, disaster mitigation, environmental monitoring, and policy making. This study explored the use of free and open-source software to generate an LOD1 and LOD2 3D city model of Tanauan City, Batangas using building footprints from OpenStreetMap and elevation models from Taal Open LiDAR data. The proposed approach consists of GIS-based methods including data pre-processing, building height extraction, roof identification, building reconstruction, and visualization. The study adopted methods from previous studies for building detection and from Zheng et al. (2017) for LOD2 building reconstruction. For LOD1, a decision tree classifier was devised to determine the appropriate height for building extrusion. For LOD2, a model-driven approach using multipatch surfaces was utilized for building reconstruction. The workflow was able to reconstruct 70.66% LOD1 building models and 55.87% LOD2 building models with 44.37% overall accuracy. The RMSE and MAE between the extracted heights from the workflow and from manual digitization has an accuracy lower than 1 m which was within the standards of CityGML. The processing time in test bench 1 and test bench 2 for LOD1 took 00:12:54.5 and 00:09:27.2 while LOD2 took 02:50:29.1 and 01:27:48.2, respectively. The results suggest that the efficient generation of LOD1 and LOD2 3D city models from open data can be achieved in the FOSS environment using less computationally intensive GIS-based algorithms.

scholarly journals A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE APPROACH TO INTERPRETING SPATIO-SEMANTIC CHANGES OF LARGE 3D CITY MODELS IN CITYGML USING A GRAPH DATABASE

2020 ◽  
Vol VI-4/W1-2020 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
S. H. Nguyen ◽  
T. H. Kolbe
Keyword(s):  
Graph Database ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Graph Representations ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Urban Planning And Management ◽  
City Models

Abstract. In the age of virtualization, rapid urbanization and fierce competition, more and more “digital twins” of real cities are being created as a time, cost-efficient and especially user-oriented solution to many problems in urban planning and management. One prominent task is to efficiently detect progresses made by a city based on their virtual 3D city models recorded over the years, and then interpret them accordingly with respect to different groups of users and stakeholders involved in the process. The first half of the problem, namely automated change detection in city models, has been addressed in recent studies. The other half of the problem however, namely a user-oriented interpretation of detected changes, still remains. Thus, based on the current findings, this research extends the conceptual models and definition of different types of edit operations between city models using a graph database, where the graph representations of city models are also stored. New rules and conditions are then provided to further categorize these changes based on their semantic contents. Considering the different expectations and requirements of different groups of users and stakeholders, the research aims to provide a multi-perspective interpretation of such categorized changes.

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