A debris-flow monitoring devices and methods bibliography

Abstract. Debris-flow monitoring has two functions, warning and modeling. The warning function includes the following parameters: occurrence prediction and detection, proximity sensing, and discharge-estimation. The parameters obtained from debris-flow measurements can deduce a numerical model for creating a hazard map and designing various types of control structures to mitigate the hazards. Many devices and methods of monitoring are tabulated here for comparative study. Some of them are in operation. Advanced comparative studies lead to an improvement in debris-flow monitoring, an integrated system that can be applied to any torrent, and a breakthrough in future developments.

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Multiple debris flow surges monitored directly by DFLP system at Kamikamihori Creek

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10499 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Takahiro Itoh ◽

Takahiko Nagayama ◽

Satoru Matsuda ◽

Takahisa Mizuyama

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

Volcanic Activity ◽

Debris Flows ◽

Sediment Concentration ◽

Relative Mass ◽

Geophysical Research ◽

Monitoring Method ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Flow Monitoring ◽

Sediment Particles

The monitoring method for direct debris flow measurements using loadcells and so on, that were preliminary developed by WSL in Switzerland (McArdell et al., 2007), was firstly installed in Sakura-jima Island in Japan, where volcanic activity was severe, and many debris flows took place due to deposition of falling ash after eruptions. Debris Flow measurements with Loadcells and Pressure sensors (DFLP) system was installed referring to the method by WSL, and debris flow characteristics such as specific weight and volumetric sediment concentration have been obtained (e.g., Osaka et al., 2014).&#160;In Japan, as well as in Sakura-jima island, attempts for debris flow monitoring were also carried out at KamiKamihori Creek since 1970s (e.g., Okuda et al., 1980), and there were a lot of debris flow events due to heavy rainfall. KamiKamihori Creek is at western side of Mt. Yake, where volcanic activity was severe at those time. The DFLP system was modified and installed there in November in 2014, because there were a lot of sediment deposition and debris flows took place though volcanic activity has been inactive. Present research could report the following results. &#160;(1) Multiple debris floe over five surges were monitored using DFLP system installed in 2014 during 15 minutes in debris flow events on August 29th, 2019. Rainfall intensity for 10 minutes was 12 mm and accumulated depth was 56 mm just before those events. Antecedent time before those events was 4.5 hours.(2) The DFLP system measured multiple debris flow surges in events on August 29th, 2019, and sediment concentration was calculated temporary and continuously. Time-averaged sediment concentration and relative mass density are calculated as 0.470 and 1.73, respectively, under flow discharge obtained by images analysis of CCTV video camera. Equilibrium sediment concentration of coarse sediment particles is estimated 0.160 for bed slope of 0.141 (8 degrees) and calculated value using the DFLP system is over than the equilibrium value because of mud phase due to fine sediment particles.&#160;ReferencesMcArdell B.W., Bartelt P., Kowalski J. (2007). Field observations of basal forces and fluid pore pressure in a debris flow, Geophysical Research Letters, Vo. 34, L07406.Okuda, S., Suwa, H., Okunishi, K., Yokoyama, K., and Nakano, M. (1980). Observation of the motion of debris flow and its geomorphological effects, Zeitschrift fur Geomorphology, Suppl.-Bd.35, pp. 142&#8211;163.Osaka T., Utsunomiya R., Tagata S., Itoh T., Mizuyama T. (2014). Debris Flow Monitoring using Load Cells in Sakurajima Island, Proceedings of the Interpraevent 2014 in the Pacific Rim (edited by Fujita, M. et al.), Nov. 25-28, Nara, Japan, 2014, O-14.pdf in DVD.

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Analysis of debris-flow recordings in an instrumented basin: confirmations and new findings

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-12-679-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 679-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

M. Arattano ◽

L. Marchi ◽

M. Cavalli

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

Alluvial Fan ◽

Seismic Network ◽

Low Flow ◽

Main Peak ◽

Flow Monitoring ◽

Irregular Pattern ◽

New Findings ◽

Seismic Recording ◽

Seismic Networks

Abstract. On 24 August 2006, a debris flow took place in the Moscardo Torrent, a basin of the Eastern Italian Alps instrumented for debris-flow monitoring. The debris flow was recorded by two seismic networks located in the lower part of the basin and on the alluvial fan, respectively. The event was also recorded by a pair of ultrasonic sensors installed on the fan, close to the lower seismic network. The comparison between the different recordings outlines particular features of the August 2006 debris flow, different from that of events recorded in previous years. A typical debris-flow wave was observed at the upper seismic network, with a main front abruptly appearing in the torrent, followed by a gradual decrease of flow height. On the contrary, on the alluvial fan the wave displayed an irregular pattern, with low flow depth and the main peak occurring in the central part of the surge both in the seismic recording and in the hydrographs. Recorded data and field evidences indicate that the surge observed on the alluvial fan was not a debris flow, and probably consisted in a water surge laden with fine to medium-sized sediment. The change in shape and characteristics of the wave can be ascribed to the attenuation of the surge caused by the torrent control works implemented in the lower basin during the last years.

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Debris flow monitoring in the French Alps

River Flow 2014 ◽

10.1201/b17133-211 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 1589-1595

Author(s):

C Bel ◽

F Liébault ◽

H Bellot ◽

F Fontaine ◽

D Laigle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

French Alps ◽

Flow Monitoring

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Calibration of Stainless Steel-edged V-Notch Weir Stop Logs for Water Level Control Structures

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.13350 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 745-749

Author(s):

L. E. Christianson ◽

R. D. Christianson ◽

A. E. Lipka ◽

S. Bailey ◽

J. Chandrasoma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Water Level ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Subsurface Drainage ◽

Conservation Practices ◽

Nutrient Loads ◽

Level Control ◽

Control Structures ◽

Flow Monitoring ◽

Flow Through

Abstract. Dependable flow rate measurements are necessary to calculate flow volumes and resulting nutrient loads from subsurface drainage systems and associated conservation practices. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop appropriate weir equations for a new stainless steel-edged 45° V-notch weir developed for AgriDrain inline water level control structures and (2) to determine if the equation was independent of flow depth in the structure. Weirs for 15 cm (6 in.) and 25 cm (10 in.) inline water level control structures were placed at three heights in each structure: at the base, 48 cm from the base, or 97 cm from the base, and the height of the nappe above the weir crest was recorded over a range of flow rates. The resulting data were fitted to equations of the form Q = aHb where Q is the flow rate, H is the height of the nappe above the weir crest, and a and b are fitted parameters. There were no significant differences in the fitted parameters across the two structure sizes or across the three weir placements. The fitted equation for these new stainless steel-edged V-notch weirs was Q = 0.011H2.28 with Q in liters per second and H in centimeters, and Q = 1.44H2.28, with Q in gallons per minute and H in inches. These equations can be used for measuring flow through AgriDrain in-line structures, although in-house weir calibration is highly recommended for specific applications, when possible. Keywords: Drainage, Flow monitoring, Subsurface drainage, V-notch weir, Weir calibration.

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Debris-flow monitoring and warning: Review and examples

Earth-Science Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102981 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 199 ◽

pp. 102981 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Marcel Hürlimann ◽

Velio Coviello ◽

Coraline Bel ◽

Xiaojun Guo ◽

Matteo Berti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

Flow Monitoring

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Process and discharge estimation in ephemeral channels, Canadian Rocky Mountains

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e84-109 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 1050-1060 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Joseph R. Desloges ◽

James S. Gardner

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

Rocky Mountains ◽

Canadian Rocky Mountains ◽

Alluvial Channels ◽

Channel Processes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ephemeral Channels ◽

Multiple Process ◽

Instantaneous Discharge ◽

Discharge Estimation

Process determinations and discharge estimates are made for 10 steep alpine channels in the Front and Main ranges of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. The catchments, which range in size from 0.17 to 1.13 km2, are sufficiently small that their runoff patterns are dominantly ephemeral and are characterized by processes that include water floods, debris flows, and snow avalanches.Longitudinal and cross-sectional channel profiles demonstrate the importance of bedrock control and the influence of one or more dominant processes. Debris flow channels have been partially scoured by water floods, and avalanche and debris flow sediments are noted in modified alluvial channels. The distribution and sorting of sediments support the multiple-process origin of specific channels or channel reaches.The discrimination of channel processes is essential for estimates of channel discharge. Slope/area and competence methods employed in fluvially dominated reaches of the 10 channels yield maximum instantaneous discharge estimates of between 1.1 and 12.2 m3 s−1. These discharges are generally not representative of the potential volumes of water and sediment released from the channels because of augmentation by both debris flow and avalanche processes. The design of roads and railways traversing these channels requires consideration of a range of processes of varying magnitudes.

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Results and experiences gathered at the Rebaixader debris-flow monitoring site, Central Pyrenees, Spain

Landslides ◽

10.1007/s10346-013-0452-y ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 939-953 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

M. Hürlimann ◽

C. Abancó ◽

J. Moya ◽

I. Vilajosana

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

Monitoring Site ◽

Flow Monitoring ◽

Central Pyrenees

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Outlining a stepwise, multi-parameter debris flow monitoring and warning system: an example of application in Aizi Valley, China

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4306 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ningsheng Chen

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

Early Warning ◽

Pressure Sensors ◽

Warning System ◽

Point Of View ◽

Economic Point ◽

Flow Monitoring ◽

Vibration Sensors ◽

Wide Range ◽

Critical Rainfall

Abstract: In recent years, the increasing frequency of debris flow demands enhanced effectiveness and efficiency are essential not only from an economic point of view but are also considered as a frontline approach to alleviate hazards. Currently, the key issues are the imbalance between the limited lifespan of equipment, the relatively long period between the recurrences of such hazards, and the wide range of critical rainfall that trigger these disasters. This paper attempt to provide a stepwise multi-parameter debris flow warning system after taking into account the shortcomings observed in other warning systems. The whole system is divided into five stages. Different warning levels can be issued based on the critical rainfall thresholds. Monitoring starts when early warning is issued and it continues with debris flow near warning, movement warning and hazard warning stages. For early warning, historical archives of earthquake and drought are used to choose a debris flow susceptible site for further monitoring, Secondly, weather forecasts provide an alert of possible near warning. Hazardous precipitation, model calculation and debris flow initiation tests, pore pressure sensors and water content sensors are combined to check the critical rainfall and to publically announce a triggering warning. In the final two stages, equipment such as rainfall gauges, flow stage sensors, vibration sensors, low sound sensors and infrasound meters are used to assess movement processes and issue hazard warnings. In addition to these warnings, community-based knowledge and information is also obtained and discussed in detail. The proposed stepwise, multi-parameter debris flow monitoring and warning system has been applied in Aizi valley China which continuously monitors the debris flow activities.

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Debris flow hazard mapping considering the effect of mitigation structure – a case study in Taiwan based on numerical simulation

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6686 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chih-Hao Hsu ◽

Chuan-Yi Huang ◽

Ting-Chi Tsao ◽

Hsiao-Yuan Yin ◽

Hsiao-Yu Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Debris Flow ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Hazard Mapping ◽

Hazard Map ◽

Inundation Depth ◽

Central Taiwan ◽

Debris Flow Hazard ◽

Typhoon Herb

This study added the dams and retain basin according to their dimensions measured with UAV onto the original 5m-resolition DEM to compare the effect of mitigation structures to debris flow hazard. The original and the modified DEMs were both applied to simulate the consequences by using RAMMS::Debris Flow (RApid Mass Movement Simulation) model.Hazard map is the best tool to provide the information of debris flow hazard in Taiwan. It has an important role to play in evacuating the residents within the affected zone during typhoon season. For the reason, debris flow hazard maps become a useful tool for local government to execute the evacuation. As the mitigation structure is constructed, the intensity of debris flow hazard reduces.The Nantou DF190 debris flow potential torrent is located in central Taiwan. In 1996 when Typhoon Herb stroke, 470,000 cubic-meter of debris were washed out and deposited in 91,200 square-meter area (Yu et al., 2006), and the event caused the destruction of 10 residential houses with 2 fatalities. After the event the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau constructed a 100-meter long sabo dam and sediment retain basin with capacity of 60,000 cubic-meters. In order to compare the difference of affected zone before and after the construction of mitigation structures, the study applies RAMMS to simulate the above-mentioned event.The result shows when large-scale debris flow occurs, most of the sediments still overflow and deposit on the fan with shape similar to the 1996 Typhoon Herb event. However, the intensity has reduced significantly with 50% less in area, several meters less in inundation depth and 50% less in flow velocity approximately. The comparison shows the effect of mitigation structures and could provide valuable information for debris flow hazard mapping.Key Words: Debris flow, RAMMS, Hazard map, Mitigation, Taiwan

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