scholarly journals Designing and Evaluation of Skin Extract Agar for Isolation of Microflora from Raw Buffalo Hide

IIOAB Letters ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Polkade ◽  
Prafulla Shede ◽  
Pradhnya Kanekar ◽  
Prashant Dhakephalkar ◽  
Seema Sarnaik
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Extract Agar ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Standard Plate

Abstract Present study was aimed to design nutrient medium most suitable for isolation and enumeration of microbial flora associated with raw buffalo hide. Skin extract agar (SEA) was designed and standardized on the basis of its chemical analysis. SEA and nutrient medium supplemented with skin extract was inoculated with buffalo hide wash. Total viable count as well as diversity of microbial colonies were enumerated on SEA as well as on nutrient agar and standard plate count agar both supplemented with skin extract (1% v/v). Bacterial strains forming diverse types of colonies on the media tested were identified on the basis of their 16S rRNA  gene sequences. The SEA was found to yield higher number of bacteria and to support growth of Acinetobacter, Exiguobacterium and Stenotrophomonas which otherwise difficult to selectively isolate from buffalo hide using nutrient agar and standard plate count agar. Diversity of microbial colonies formed on SEA was significantly higher than that observed on nutrient agar or standard plate count agar. Feasibility of utilizing SEA as a microbiological medium for isolation and identification of microflora from raw buffalo hide was successfully demonstrated. Use of skin extract medium can maximize recovery of taxonomically distinct bacteria from raw buffalo hide. This basic study, with proper manipulations could lead to development of product for enumeration and isolation of bacteria from buffalo hides especially cattle pathogens related to skin diseases.

Effect of Delayed Heading on Some Quality Attributes of Penaeus Shrimp1

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. ALVAREZ ◽  
J. A. KOBURGER
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Pseudomonas Species ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts

To determine the effect of delayed heading on shrimp quality, shrimp were stored on ice with and without heads for 10 days. Some shrimp were delay-headed after 5 days and returned to ice for the remainder of the storage period. Microbiological studies were conducted at 0, 5 and 10 days of storage. Total aerobic plate counts were done using Standard Plate Count agar with an added 0.5% NaCl. Incubation was at 20 C for 5 days. Analyses indicated similar counts on shrimp tails stored with or without heads and those delayed-headed. Counts ranged from 2.4 × 106 bacteria/gram at 0 day to 1.6 × 109 bacteria/gram on the 10th day. Identification of the flora present revealed that the same major groups of organisms predominated on shrimp tails subjected to the different storage treatments and the head did not alter development of the usual flora. Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Planococcus, Moraxella and the Vibrio/Aeromonas group were the major genera encountered. A shift in bacterial populations was observed during storage. Flavobacterium species predominated during the first 5 days of storage; however, after the fifth day Pseudomonas species predominated. Sensory panel data revealed no differences in acceptability between shrimp tails stored with or without heads and those delay-headed.

Temperature Equilibration Times of Plate Count Agar and a Comparison of 50 Versus 45 C for Recovery of Raw-Milk Bacteria1

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. HUHTANEN ◽  
A. R. BRAZIS ◽  
W. L. ARLEDGE ◽  
C. B. DONNELLY ◽  
R. E. GINN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Tempering Time

Sixty raw milk samples were plated using “Standard Methods” agar tempered to 45 or 50 ± 1 C. The standard plate count was significantly lower with the agar at 50 C. Tempering time (to 44–46 C) of a flask of agar in a water bath was about 5–10 min longer than that of a comparable flask of water. Time required to reach the desired temperature depended upon the volume of agar in the flasks, the number of flasks, and the volume of the water in the bath. Up to an hour of equilibration time may be necessary for newly autoclaved agar to reach the recommended temperature (44–46 C). Insufficient tempering time might cause an excessively high plating agar temperature which might cause a reduction in bacterial counts, especially of a heat sensitive psychrotrophic bacterium.

THE MICROFLORA OF RAW BULK TANK MILK

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jackson ◽  
L. F. L. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Colony Count ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Lactose Fermentation ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Bulk Tank

Milk samples from 141 farms were plated on standard plate count agar and the colony count determined after incubation for 48 hours at 32 °C. Twenty colonies were picked at random from plates containing between 30 and 300 colonies. The isolates were inoculated into litmus milk and subsequently characterized on the basis of shape, Gram-staining reaction, catalase production, lactose fermentation, and the ability to form spores.Certain general trends in the flora were observed. In milk of a colony count less than 2 × 104 per ml, micrococci were the dominant group of organisms, and as the colony count of the milk increased the percentage of micrococci decreased and the percentage of Gram-negative rods and streptococci usually increased. In spite of these general trends a study of the flora of individual samples showed that quite marked variations did occur.

scholarly journals Multiregional Evaluation of the SimPlate Heterotrophic Plate Count Method Compared to the Standard Plate Count Agar Pour Plate Method in Water

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 453-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wayne Jackson ◽  
Karen Osborne ◽  
Gary Barnes ◽  
Carol Jolliff ◽  
Dianna Zamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Heterotrophic Plate Count ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Count Method ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Count Method

ABSTRACT A new SimPlate heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine) was compared with the pour plate method at 35°C for 48 h. Six laboratories tested a total of 632 water samples. The SimPlate HPC method was found to be equivalent to the pour plate method by regression analysis (r = 0.95;y = 0.99X + 0.06).

A New Medium for Determining the Total Plate Count in Food

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1404-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. SMITH ◽  
D. E. TOWNSEND
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Standard Plate

SimPlate for Total Plate Count–Color Indicator (TPC-CI, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Me.) is a new medium that incorporates the redox dye resazurin to detect and quantify bacteria in food. Enumeration is achieved by the most probable number method using a SimPlate device. Viable bacteria are detected in each well of the SimPlate device by the biochemical reduction of resazurin, which is blue, to the pink resorufin or the clear dihydroresorufin indicators. Results after 24 h of incubation for TPC-CI are highly correlated with standard plate count agar after 48 h of incubation. Correlation coefficients from studies conducted at five laboratories ranged from 0.94 to 0.98 in side-by-side comparisons against standard plate count agar. Four additional test sites, using alternative methods for determining the aerobic plate count in food, reported similar results in comparison studies (r = 0.91 to 0.97). The slopes from linear regression analysis at all sites ranged from 0.91 to 0.98, with y intercepts ranging from 0.11 to 0.84. Samples used for the validation of TPC-CI included raw food products (i.e., liver and grains), which may contain natural enzymes that interfere with enzyme-based detection methods. No interference was seen from the foods tested. These results suggest that TPC-CI is a suitable alternative to existing plate count methods and has reduced incubation time.

An estuarine agar medium for enumeration of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria associated with water, sediment, and shellfish

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Weiner ◽  
David Hussong ◽  
Rita R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

A plate count agar was formulated for use in bacteriological analysis of estuarine samples and was tested together with standard plate count agar and an estuarine salts yeast extract agar for growth of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria in water, sediment, and oysters. The estuarine agar was found to be efficient for enumerating aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial populations of water, sediment, and oysters, and is recommended for plate counts of estuarine samples.

Sanitary Evaluation of Target Flowmeter Used in a Dairy Processing Plant

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 966-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNEL K. GREENE ◽  
THOMAS G. REYNOLDS ◽  
EMILY M. SOUTHERLAND
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Dairy Processing ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

A target flowmeter, used to measure raw milk flow, was examined for sanitary conditions in a university dairy plant 10 times over a period of eight weeks. The flowmeter connection was swabbed at four different locations along the dairy plant connection at four different times during the work day: i) after chlorine sanitization, before product; ii) after product, before cleaning in place (CIP); iii) after CIP, before acid sanitization; and iv) after acid sanitization, at end of day. Samples were plated in duplicate on standard plate count agar and on violet red bile agar. After routine CIP cleaning and sanitization procedures, bacterial counts were low. Additionally, no finished product contamination problems were detected over the 7 months of flowmeter use as shown by routine quality control tests on pasteurized milk which had flowed past the in-line meter as raw milk. These results indicate that normal cleaning and sanitization procedures were adequate for the in-line flowmeter.

A Technique Comparison of Isolation of Lipolytic Bacteria

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. HARRIS ◽  
S. L. CUPPETT ◽  
L. B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Nile Blue ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Technique Comparison

Three different agar diffusion screening methods, employing two growth media, standard plate count agar (SPCA) and 1% peptone enriched trypticase soy agar (TSA), were used to isolate psychrotrophic bacteria from raw milk which produce lipase. Clarified butterfat and nile blue sulfate served as the substrate and dye, respectively, in all methods. Although a double-overlay method yielded slightly greater numbers of lipolytic bacteria than a single-layered method with comparable media, better visual clarity was achieved with the single-layered method. Peptone enriched TSA medium supported better growth of lipolytic bacteria than SPCA.

Comparison of Bacterial Swab Samples Given Different Storage Treatments1

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 897-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. MARRIOTT ◽  
R. A. GARCIA ◽  
D. R. LEE
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Microbial Samples ◽  
Peptone Broth

Six paired sides of U.S. Good beef were swabbed to obtain microbial samples. Half of the beef sides were stored at an elevated temperature (25 C) for 8 h with subsequent storage for 12 h at 1 C before sampling, whereas the counterpart sides were stored the entire period at 1 C. Samples from adjacent areas were taken so that a comparison could be made of 0.03 M phosphate buffer and 0.1% peptone broth as diluents for swab samples. To evaluate the effect of storage time, swab samples were stored at 5 C for 1, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h before being transferred to Standard Plate Count Agar and subsequently incubated at 25 C. Results revealed that no differences (P>.05) existed between the effectiveness of a phosphate buffer solution and peptone broth as diluents for swab samples. Storage of swab samples at 1 C resulted in recovery of fewer microorganisms at 24, 48, and 72 h.

Pyruvate as an Indicator of Quality in Grading Nonfat Dry Milk1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. MARSHALL ◽  
Y. H. LEE ◽  
B. L. O'BRIEN ◽  
W. A. MOATS
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Geometric Average ◽  
Dry Milk ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Microscopic Count

Samples of skim milk and nonfat dry milk (NDM) made from it were collected, paired and tested for pyruvate concentration, [P], and Direct Microscopic count (DMC). The skim milk was tested for Standard Plate Count (SPC) and Psychrotrophic Plate Count (PPC). The geometric average DMC of skim milk was more than three times higher than that of the paired NDM samples. However, [P] of NDM was not significantly different from that of the skim milk. Although [P] of skim milk was poorly correlated with SPC and PPC, r = .31 and .26, respectively, it was relatively well correlated with DMC, r = .64. Data were widely dispersed around the regression line when [P] was ≤ 4.0 mg/L. However, [P] increased rapidly when DMCs were > 106/ml. A limit of 10 mg/L of [P] in NDM reconstituted 1:9 was chosen to represent the current U.S. Department of Agriculture Standard for DMC in NDM. This limit failed to classify about 10% of the samples correctly, assuming that each geometric mean DMC was correct. However, the probability that samples meeting the DMC standard would be rejected by the pyruvate test was quite low and the probability was moderate that samples which would be acceptable by the pyruvate test would be rejected by the DMC. For the latter, 28% of the samples having DMCs of ≥ 107/ml contained < 10 mg/L of pyruvate. No sample having ≥ 10 mg/L of pyruvate had a DMC of ≤ 107/ml. Pyruvate concentration in NDM did not change during storage at 5 or 32°C for 90 days.

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