Appraisal of Heavy Metal Presence and Water Quality having Microbial Load and Associated Human Health Risk: A study on tube-well water in Nalitabari township of Sherpur district, Bangladesh

This article is based on a study aimed to determine physiochemical parameters, fecal coliform, total coliforms, heterotrophic plate count, arsenic, iron and lead of water to evaluate their effects on human health. Analysis was carried out on tube-well water collected from Nalitabari township of Sherpur District in Bangladesh. The dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity and electrical conductivity were in the ranges of 4.30 to 7.30 ppm, 350 to 792 mg/l, 0.2 to 0.5%, and 715 to 1,970 μS/cm. The pH values were slightly lesser or more than permissible value. Due to the vicinity to the latrines, 17 tube-wells’ water was contaminated by fecal coliforms. The highest heterotrophic plate count was 7.5×103 cfu/ml in ward-8 of the town. Eschericia coli and Vibrio cholerae were identified in ratio of 30.56% and 18.06%, respectively, in the tube-well water, resulting into diarrhea among children. About 6.94% of tube-well water was contaminated with arsenic. 3.25% and 4.5% respondents were suffering from skin diseases and headache, respectively. So, an alternative source of drinking water should be arranged for a better public health of present and next generations.

Comparison of Microbiological Water Quality and Chlorine Level Between Adult Public Swimming Pool and Baby Public Swimming Pool in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Background: Swimming becomes one of the favorites sports in Malaysian due to the health benefits, for essential skills. The public swimming pool not only for an adult but there are for created for children as well. Most of the public swimming pool also provided a with two type of pool, adult and baby swimming pool.Objective: The purpose for this research is to compare the microbiological water quality and chlorine level between adult and baby public swimming pool in Klang Valley.Methodology: 21 water sample from public swimming pools include hotel, apartment, and public swimming pool in Lembah Klang, Malaysia was collected. The water samples collected in sterile bottles (30 ml). Physicochemical parameters determine by using standard instruments and methods (rainbow model 78), and the presence of the colony was using a heterotrophic plate count (HPC).Result: From heterotrophic plate count result shown out of 21 swimming pool for adult and 21 swimming pool for baby, 19.1% did not follow the World Health Organization (WHO), HPC. The microbiological quality (mean colony count) between baby and adult pool, there were slight differences of at 0.24%. The baby pool shows the higher value at of colony count at 111±197.334 compared with adult pool at 87.095±149.543. The independent t-test showed there is no significant between these groups with a p-value for at 0.65 (>0.05). For chlorine level, baby pool showed 47.6% swimming pools follow standard chlorine level and for an adult pool, 42.9 %. Comparing between two groups, baby pools show higher value with of chlorine at 1.581 ± 1.369 while adult pool at 1.414±1.293. The p-value for both as analyzed by independent t-test shows 0.694 (>0.05), which is not significant.Conclusion: The study recommends improvement in personal hygiene of swimmers, adequate disinfection of the pools and enforcement of standards by the government.

Effects of disinfectants and particles on occurrence of different microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems

Effects of disinfectants and particles on occurrence of different bacteria, including total coliforms, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), different opportunistic pathogens (OPs) and ameba hosts, were investigated in drinking water distribution...

Comparison of Microbiological Water Quality and Chlorine Level Between Adult Public Swimming Pool and Baby Public Swimming Pool in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Background: Swimming becomes one of the favourite sports in Malaysian due to the health benefits, for essential skills. ). The public swimming pool not only from an adult but there are created as well for children, so most of the public swimming pool also provided a baby swimming pool. Objective: The purpose of this research to compare the microbiological water quality and chlorine level between the adult public swimming pool and baby public swimming pool in Klang Valley. Methodology: 21 water sample from public swimming pools include hotel, apartment and public swimming pool in Lembah Klang, Malaysia was collected. The water samples collected in sterile bottles (30 ml). Physicochemical parameters determine by using standard instruments and methods (rainbow model 78), and the presence of the colony was using a heterotrophic plate count (HPC). Result: From heterotrophic plate count result shown out of 21 swimming pool for adult and 21 swimming pool for baby, 19.1% did not follow the World Health Organization (WHO), HPC. The microbiological quality (mean colony count) between baby and adult pool, there were slight differences of at 0.24%. The baby pool shows the higher value at of colony count at 111±197.334 compared with adult pool at 87.095±149.543. The independent t-test showed there is no significant between these groups with a p-value for at 0.65 (>0.05). For chlorine level, baby pool showed 47.6% swimming pools follow standard chlorine level and for an adult pool, 42.9 %. Comparing between two groups, baby pools show higher value with of chlorine at 1.581 ± 1.369 while adult pool at 1.414±1.293. The p-value for both as analyzed by independent t-test shows 0.694 (>0.05), which is not significant. Conclusion: The study recommends improvement in personal hygiene of swimmers, adequate disinfection of the pools and enforcement of standards by the government.

Microbial implications of beef fat and pork fat in the environment

Developing countries are known to dispose of waste indiscriminately into their environment, off which fat is one of them. These fats release awful odor making passersby uncomfortable and also breeds microorganisms. Environmental factors such as rainfall, sunlight, and wind aid the migration of these fats to other sites, thereby leading to contamination. Total heterotrophic plate count of pork fat ranged from 4.0 x 105 cfu/g to 4.2 x 105 cfu/g and its total coliform plate count was from 3.8 x 105 cfu/g to 4.0 x105 cfu/g while the total heterotrophic plate count of beef fat ranged from 3.1 x 105 cfu/g to 3.5 x 105 cfu/g and its total coliform plate count was from 2.4 x 105 cfu/g to 2.8 x105 cfu/g. E.coli and Salmonella sp. were the highest occurring in both fats. Pork fat had more microbial count than beef fat. Fats can be converted to useful products, which will reduce waste in the environment. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in mean counts of pork and beef fat samples at p≤0.05.

Mycelium-producing Mushroom Calocybe indica (Milky Mushroom) as Bio-antagonist Against the Bacteria present in Marikina River.

Mushroom forming fungi are one of the nature’s most powerful decomposers and degrades a wide variety of environmentally persistent pollutants and organic contaminants by secreting strong extra cellular enzymes due to their aggressive growth and biomass production. This study assess the potential of Calocybe indica (Milky mushroom) as bio-antagonist against microorganism serves as pollutants on Marikina River through Heterotrophic plate count (HPC). The use of Calocybe indica (Milky mushroom) as the medium of mycoremediation effectively lessen the count of bacterial colonies in Marikina River’s water by creating a bio-antagonistic relationship with the bio-pollutants present on the water samples. Increasing the period of treatment and observation. Using of water samples from different depth from surface level down to aphotic region of the Marikina River. Identifying the strain of microorganisms present on the water. Using other mushroom to compare the potential of Calocybe indica to kill bio-pollutants should be done for the improvement of the study.

Bacterial Assessment of Unpasteurized Fruit Juices Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

This study assessed the bacterial quality of fresh fruit juices sold in some restaurants in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A total of twenty (20) fruit juice samples were collected from four (4) different types of fruit juices sold at four (4) different restaurants. The fruits that were used for this study are: Orange, Watermelon, Pineapple and Tiger nuts. Samples of the fruit juices were collected for bacteriological assessment using heterotrophic plate count and most probable number techniques, while CHRO Magar for E. coli and other coliforms was used for the detection of E. coli. The results showed that E. coli, Bacillus spp, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp were present in the fruit juices. The results of the heterotrophic plate count showed that the bacterial count ranged from 2.7 x 102 (Orange) to 7.1 x 103 (Tiger nuts), while the results of the total coliform count ranged from 11 MPN/100 ml to 28 MPN/100 ml. However, the study revealed that the total E. coli count ranged from 0 to 7. The number of E. coli in each of the fruit juices and restaurants ranged from 6 to 13, Bacillus spp 12 to 19, Klebsiella spp 4 to 10, Streptococcus spp 6 to 11 and Staphylococcus spp 4 to 13. Bacillus spp had the highest percentage (31.4%), followed by Staphylococcus spp (20.1%). The highest percentage of bacteria was recovered from Tiger nuts (29.4%), followed by Watermelon (28.4%). Regular monitoring of the quality of fresh fruit juices sold in restaurants in Port Harcourt and other parts of Nigeria should therefore be enforced.

Mobile Dental Delivery System: An Effective Protocol for Hygiene and Disinfection

Mobile dental delivery systems (MDDSs) are receiving growing interest for reaching isolated patients, as well as in dental care for fragile and hospitalized patients, with the advantage of being able to be used from room to room or during general anesthesia (GA) in an operating room. Therefore, ensuring the care safety is crucial. The aim of this study was to elaborate and assess an MDDS maintenance protocol, containing the management of dental unit waterlines and adapted to specific conditions such as dental care under GA. A step-by-step protocol was established and implemented for an MDDS used during dental care under GA in children. Samples of the output water were collected at J0, J+1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, and cultured to observe the microbiological quality of the water. All the results (heterotrophic plate count at 22 °C, at 37 °C, and specific pathogenic germs sought) showed an absence of contamination. The protocol presented was effective over time and allowed ensuring the safety of care to be ensured when using MDDS, even during dental procedures under GA. As a result, it could be implemented by any dental care delivery structure wanting to reinforce the safety of its practice.

ASSESSMENT OF 16S rRNA SEQUENCE AND HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT (HPC) METHODS OF IDENTIFYING BACTERIA FROM DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS IN BENIN CITY METROPOLIS

A variety of simple culture-based tests which are proposed to recover a wide range of microorganisms from water are collectively known as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and used as an indirect indicator to give information about water quality. The aim of this study was to assess the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) culture-based dependent and 16S rRNA independent techniques of identifying bacteria. The HPC was conducted by incubating a filtered sample of water on R2A agar plates and enumerating the number of resultant bacterial colonies that grow on each plate. The molecular analysis was performed by extracting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacterial isolate and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to obtain the amplicons (PCR products). Purified PCR products were sequenced by ABI V3.1 Big dye kit and the analysis of sequence was conducted by the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) to identify their closest relatives. A total number of 17 isolates of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Proteus were phenotypically identified, while the nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of 59 diverse strains with distribution (percentage) of Pseudomonas (25) 42.2 %, Bacillus 17 (28.8 %) and Proteus (17) 28.8 %. The investigated isolates when compared from gene data-base recorded genetic relatedness with similarity index of 61 to 100 %. The 16S rRNA gene sequences from DNA extractions showed microbial consortia in drinking water to comprise of a broad array of bacterial diversity, including those of critical concern to human health such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Finally, there was no significant correlation between the HPC test and 16S rRNA sequence analysis.