Evaluation of Epididymo-Orchtis-A Study of 100 Cases

Background: Acute epididymo-orchitis is a common clinical problem in urological practice. It is not an uncommon disease in our country to cause work loss particularly in active group of people. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to see the predisposing factors involved, aetiopathology and progression of disease process.Methods:This prospective study was conducted in department of surgery, Kumudini Women’s Medical College Hospital, Tangail from April 2008 to March 2009. Hundred patients of inflammation of epididymis and testis were included in this study.Results:Out of 100 patients, majority (48%) were in monogamous relationship. All patients (100%) had scrotal pain, 22% had scrotal swelling, 59% had fever, 32% had dysuria and 11% had urethral discharge. All patients presented with tenderness of the testis and epididymis and 82% cases had both epididymal and testicular swelling. Thirty two percent cases had urinary tract infection, trauma and promiscuous sexual contact were associated with the disease in 2% and 18% cases, respectively. History of masturbation was noted in 18% cases. By urine routine microscopy 28% had pus cell and 03% had RBC in urine, 16 cases were positive in urine culture, among 15% were E.coll and 01% were found Klebsiela. Forty patients were tested Chlamydial CFT and 16(40%) were found positive, out of 12 Filarial CFT tested 01(8.33 %) was found positive, Gram staining of urethral discharge revealed Neisseria gonorhhoae in 02(18.18%) cases. In maximum cases no actiological factor was found. Majority cases under 35 years were infected with Chlamydia and patients older than 35 years were mostly infected with E.coli.Conclusion:This study reflects that maximum of our study patients report to hospital nearly at right time with relatively better health status and outcome of available treatment facilities are satisfactory.

THE PREVALENCE OF VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS (VVC) AMONG WOMEN SUFFERING VAGINITIS ATTENDED A PRIVATE GYNECOLOGICAL CLINIC, ADEN-YEMEN

The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis among women suffering vaginitis. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 women between the age of 15 to 45 years (mean age 39 years), attended a private gynecological clinic in Aden with symptoms of vaginitis between January and June 2019. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on the participants’ sociodemographic data and medical history. Direct microscopic examination (10% KOH), culture on SDA, germ tube test and gram staining were used to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and to differentiate between C.albicans and non-albicans species. Out of 120 women, 25 (20.8%) were diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and 95 (79.2%) with non-candidal vaginitis. C.albicans was the most prevalent with a prevalence rate of 17.5%. Although not statistically significant, vulvovaginal candidiasis tended to be more prevalent among women with 25-34 years. No statistically significant association between the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis and educational level and marital status. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) was slightly high in Aden and Candida albicans was the most common causative agent of VVC. In the clinical diagnosis of VVC, both clinical criteria and microbiological tests must be used. Further study is needed to find out the prevalence of RVVC among women in the Aden governorate.

Utilization Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Kulit Ubi Jalar Ungu Sebagai Pengganti Crystal Violet pada Pewarnaan Gram

Purple sweet potato has the high anthocyanin content. The anthocyanin content in purple sweet potato skin is higher than the anthocyanin in the tubers, namely 52.84-729.74 mg/100g while the tubers are 110.51 mg/100g. Natural dyes that have the potential to be extracted include anthocyanins. This research aimed to test anthocyanin dyes in purple sweet potato peel extract as the substitute for crystal violet in gram staining. The type of research used Quasi Experiments. This research was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Hasanuddin University Medical Faculty. In this research, extraction was carried out by using the solvent of Ethanol : Acetic Acid : Water (25: 1: 5). Furthermore, gram staining was carried out by using purple sweet potato peel extract using a concentration of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% and crystal violet as positive control. The results of this research indicate that the staining used purple sweet potato peel extract concentrations of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% in gram-positive Staphylococcus bacteria isolates showed poor bacterial staining results because the bacteria were not purple when compared to crystal violet dye. Where as at the concentration of 100% it showed good bacterial staining results because the bacteria was purple. Meanwhile, gram-negative e.coli bacteria isolates at the concentration of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% showed good bacterial staining results because the bacteria were red. Suggestions for further research to do maceration longer.

Acanthoamoeba Keratitis Induced by a Therapeutic, Soft Contact Lens: Diagnosis via Gram Staining

Purpose: We report two cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed by Gram staining in patients who had recently worn therapeutic, soft contact lenses and had no history of lens use for visual correction.Case summary: The first patient was initially diagnosed with suspected mixed bacterial or fungal keratitis before a final diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis was confirmed by Gram staining of a corneal smear. The second patient was initially diagnosed with a persistent epithelial defect caused by an earlier lid injury inflicted by a metallic foreign body, and then with a suspected mixed infection combined with herpetic uveitis. The patient was finally diagnosed with Acanthamoeba keratitis by Gram staining of a corneal smear. Both cases were treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide and chlorhexidine.Conclusions: Therapeutic, soft contact lenses are used to enhance corneal, epithelial wound healing in conjunction with antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, application of such a lens to a diseased cornea may predispose to the development of microbial keratitis caused by microorganisms resistant to the usual, prophylactic, antimicrobial eye drops. Therapeutic, soft contact lenses are associated with a risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis; early diagnosis is important. Gram staining of a corneal smear is useful in this context. Acanthamoeba is not eradicated by empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

Sensitivity and Specificity of Serology, Histopathology, and Molecular Tests in the Detection of Leptospirosis from Slaughtered Cattle in Indonesia

Leptospira spp. is a pathogenic bacteria that causes leptospirosis in humans and cattle. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) as the laboratory gold standard in the detection of leptospirosis. However, the limitation of MAT triggers the laboratory technicians to develop alternative laboratory tests against leptospirosis. The current study aimed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of histopathology special stain using modified Gram staining (MGS) and molecular test using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), compared to the MAT for Leptospira spp. detection in cattle. This study used a total of 38 serum and 38 kidney samples from the cattle slaughtered in the Sidoarjo slaughterhouse, Indonesia. The collected serum samples were tested against MAT and RT-PCR. The kidneys were processed for histopathology using MGS. The result indicated that 16 (42.10%) of the tested samples were positive against MAT, 6 (15.78%) were positive against MGS, and 18 (47.36%) were positive against RT-PCR. The RT-PCR indicated better sensitivity and lower specificity, compared to MAT and MGS. The findings revealed that the RT-PCR is an appropriate laboratory test for detecting cattle leptospirosis with better sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, this method can be suggested to substitute MAT and overcome its limitations.

Biodegradation of Basic Yellow Auramine- O Dye using Staphylococcus sp. Isolated from Textile Industry Effluent

Due to the increased use of synthetic dyes in various industries, there is an increased disposal of wastewater containing harmful dyes. These, in turn, have affected plants, animals, and humans. The physical and chemical methods of dye decolorization have failed to degrade the synthetic dyes in industrial effluents completely. The microbial decolorization is better due to its versatility, dynamic metabolism, and potential machinery of enzymes. This study aimed to degrade basic yellow dye auramine O by bacteria isolated from textile industry effluent. In this regard, five bacterial strains were isolated and screened from a soil sample taken from textile industry effluent. The initial physical and biochemical characterization of the bacterial isolates 1 and 2 indicated catalase test-positive, starch test-negative, motility agar test-negative, gram staining test-positive, and morphology-bacillus. The bacterial isolates 3, 4, and 5 indicated oxidase test-negative, urease test-positive, gram staining test-negative, and morphology-staphylococcus. All the isolates were further subjected to a screening test, where isolate 5 showed maximum dye decolorization of 98.9% in 96 h. The biodegradation of dye was optimized for different values of initial pH (4-10), inoculum size (2% -10%), initial dye concentration (50 mgL-1 to400 mgL-1), carbon source (glucose, fructose, xylose, starch and lactose) and nitrogen source (peptone, ammonium sulphate, yeast extract, ammonium nitrate and urea). Maximum dye decolorization was observed for initial dye concentration of 200 mgL-1, initial pH of 6, inoculum size of 10%, yeast extract as nitrogen source, and glucose as carbon source. Therefore, dye degradation by bacteria can be used as a potential method for auramine O dye treatment.

Detection of microbial contamination in chicken meat from local markets in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

Background and Aim: Chicken meat can be contaminated by microorganisms anywhere in the supply chain, from farm to market, and these microorganisms can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, contact with the environment, and food consumption. The microbial contamination has a serious impact on public health. This study aimed to analyze the microbial contamination of chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 samples of fresh chicken meat obtained from 10 traditional markets (six samples per market) were examined for the presence of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were identified using Gram staining, culturing, and biochemical tests. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to identify E. coli. Results: Most chicken meat samples were positive for S. aureus (58.3%), Salmonella spp. (48.3%), and E. coli (40%). The samples were considered positive for E. coli if the MPN value was higher than 1×101 CFU/g. Conclusion: High microbial contamination was found in all the chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya. Such contamination can lead to foodborne diseases so, proper hygiene and sanitation standards should be followed from slaughterhouses to the end-users.

Evaluation of Three Isolation Experiments for Campylobacter Bacteriophages from Chicken Skin: A Comparative Study

Background: Campylobacter strains are of the leading pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, whose infections are generally considered to be one of the most common foodborne illnesses of animal origin. The etiology of this infection often goes back to eating contaminated raw meat or infected poultry. The bacteria are present in abundance in chicken skin. The use of appropriate bacteriophages is one of the most effective experiments in eliminating Campylobacter strains. Phage therapy refers to the use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections. Aim: Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare three experiments of bacteriophage isolation in chicken skin. Experiments: Thus, 15 samples of chicken skin were collected from five different fresh chicken suppliers in Ghaemshahr, Iran. The samples were transported to the laboratory aseptically in the vicinity of ice, and then cultured in blood agar medium, and the isolates were identified by various tests including gram staining, catalase and oxidase tests. Results: The results were compared before and after three bacteriophage isolation experiments. Out of 15 chicken skin samples tested in all three experiments, 6 (40%) strains were identified in the first experiment, 8 (53.4%) strains in the second experiment and 12 (20%) strains in the third experiment after bacteriophage therapy. Conclusion: The bacteriophage isolation experiments alone or in combination with other intervention strategies are recommended as promising tools for greater food safety. These experiments can be useful to increase food safety and reduce the risk of infection in humans through the consumption of potentially infected edible parts of chicken. According to the results of this study, among the three proposed experiments, the experiment of chicken skin enrichment in Bolton selective media containing target isolates was the most efficient approach, which showed a high limit of detection at low concentrations and the highest rate of phage recovery. This can be a more reliable way to isolate the Campylobacter bacteriophages and eliminate the Campylobacter strains.

Klebseilla Oxytoca; An Efficient Pyrene-Degrading Bacterial Strain Isolated from Petroleum Contaminated Soil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the hazardous xenobiotic agents of oil production. One of the methods to eliminate hazardous compounds is bioremediation, which is the most efficient and cost-effective method to eliminate the harmful byproducts of crude petroleum processing. In this study, five pure bacterial isolates were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil, four of which showed a robust growth on pyrene as a sole carbon source. Various methods viz mass spectroscopy, biochemical assays, and 16s RNA sequencing employed to identify the isolates ascertained the consistent identification of Klebsiella oxytoca by all three methods. Scanning electron microscopy and Gram staining further demonstrated the characterization of the K. oxytoca. High-performance liquid chromatography of the culture supernatant of K. oxytoca grown in pyrene containing media showed that the cells started utilizing pyrene from the 6th day onwards and by the 14th day of growth 3/4th of the pyrene was completely degraded. Genome search for the genes predicted to be involved in pyrene degradation using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) confirmed their presence in the genome of K. oxytoca. These results suggest that K. oxtoca would be a suitable candidate for removing soil aromatic hydrocarbons.