scholarly journals Models of Integration, Models of Development in the Pacific

1995 ◽  
pp. 97-177
Author(s):  
John Borrego
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Modernization Process

In order to understand the processes related to integration and development in the East Asian and Latin American societies this paper attempts to place those processes in the larger context of cycles of world accumulation. Many of the societies in East Asia, Latin America, and the South, in general, were integrated into the world economy during previous cycles of hegemony and accumulation. However, in the American cycle, and particularly at the height of this cycle, East Asia was developed while most of Latin America continued to experience truncated development. How do we understand these different trajectories? We argue that the best way to understand the different processes of integration and development in these two regions during the current historical period of global capitalist accumulation is to see them all as housed in a transition period between the waning American cycle of hegemony in the world economy and a new, as yet undefined cycle. We will look at the role that the East Asian region and its societies are playing in the transition to the next cycle, as well as analyze why these societies should not be viewed as successful products of the "modernization process," as proponents of that theory argue. The "success" of these societies is rooted in their historical entry point and the geopolitical importance to the United States of the region in which they were housed, and is not necessarily repeatable by other Third World societies such as those in Latin America.

Latin America and the World Economy: Some Observations on External Indebtedness and the International Monetary System

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-339
Author(s):  
Aldo Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
The World

Since 1973 most of the Latin American countries have experienced deterioration in their balance of payments due to the economic recession in the industrial countries and the oil price increases. The consequent adjustment process has called for stricter regulation of domestic demand and new advances in import substitution. Adjustment was less painful due to access to private financing in the international capital markets which, however, produced a sharp increase in the external debt.This article does not propose to review the recent patterns of external payments, already extensively analyzed in the periodic reports of the UN Economic Commission for Latin America, the International Monetary Fund, and in other studies. Rather, it will attempt to emphasize some long-term changes in the world economy and in Latin America that influence the international participation of the region. It is in this context that the adjustment process of the balance of payments and the external debt should be evaluated.

scholarly journals Sectorial specialisation in East Asia and Latin America compared

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELA MIOZZO
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Latin American ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Latin American Countries

ABSTRACT East Asian countries have been successful at specialising in machinery and capital goods. Latin American countries, on the other hand, have retreated from these sectors, reinforcing their specialisation in resource-intensive goods. Institutional arrangements in place in both regions explain these divergences. In particular, the differences in the strategy and structure of leading firms, the nature of industrial promotion by the government, the development and support of small and medium-sized firms and the operation of foreign-owned firms may explain the respective success and failure in sectoral specialisation in machinery. Failure to develop these sectors may hinder the process of economic development.

scholarly journals The Modern Way to Menstruate in Latin America: Consolidation and Fractures in the Twenty-First Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 813-831
Author(s):  
Eugenia Tarzibachi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
Mainstream Culture

Abstract The introduction of commercialized disposable pads and tampons during the twentieth century changed the experience of the menstrual body in many (but not all) countries of the world. From a Latin-American perspective, this new way to menstruate was also understood to be a sign of modernization. In this chapter, Tarzibachi describes and analyzes how the dissemination and proliferation of disposable pads and tampons have unfolded first in the United States and later in Latin America, with a particular focus on Argentina. She pays particular attention to how the Femcare industry shaped the meanings of the menstrual body through discourses circulated in advertisements and educational materials. Tarzibachi explores how the contemporary meanings of menstruation are contested globally, as the traditional Femcare industry shifts its rhetoric in response to challenges from new menstrual management technologies, new forms of menstrual activism, and the increasing visibility of menstruation in mainstream culture.

Presbyterians in Latin America

2019 ◽  
pp. 176-194
Author(s):  
Alderí Souza De Matos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The World ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Presbyterian Churches

Latin America is a significant part of the so-called two-thirds world. During the twentieth century, the region witnessed the vigorous growth of the Protestant churches. One of them is the Presbyterian communion, whose first congregations were established in the 1850s. For more than a century, Presbyterian denominations in the United States and Scotland made an enormous investment in the evangelization of Latin America. Nevertheless, despite their significant presence in Mexico and Brazil, Presbyterian churches represent a small percentage of the region’s total Protestant constituency. They have, however, made contributions to society that are out of proportion to their numbers. Besides their important spiritual and ethical emphases, they have impacted countless individuals, families, and communities through their educational and medical efforts. Their greatest challenge today is to establish clear priorities and devote their energies to strengthening Presbyterian work in the countries they have already reached and implanting their faith in the areas where it is absent. Latin American Presbyterians are convinced that the Reformed faith can greatly benefit their part of the world.

East Asian, European, and North American Multinational Firm Strategies in Latin America

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Casanova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multinational Firm ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Firm Strategies ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Level

Over the past decade, multinationals (MNCs) have followed three main objectives while entering Latin America: efficiency seeking, growth seeking, and resource seeking. Efficiency seeking MNCs aim to reduce costs in their global production process through access to cheaper labor, and proximity to destination markets such as the United States. Growth seeking firms enter Latin American markets to grow and/or acquire new markets. They are by nature more dependent on the macroeconomic conditions in local markets for their success. Resource seeking firms enter Latin America in the search of minerals, metals, and hydrocarbons. This paper introduces the concept of “natural markets” to explain the relative successes of MNCs from different regions – Europe (mainly Iberian), USA, and Asia. ‘Natural markets’ for a MNC are defined as those markets sharing a common history or language or having a high level of physical proximity with the country of origin of the MNC. This paper proposes that a firm focusing on natural markets has a comparative advantage, and thus increases the probability of its success. The paper also draws upon the experiences of successful MNCs in Latin America to infer some lessons for East Asian MNCs wishing to operate in the region.

Rethinking US Interests in the Western Hemisphere

1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Abraham F. Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Difficulty ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

The Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, and consequently their relations with the United States, have changed considerably during the past 25 years. Latin American and Caribbean nations are more populous, urban, industrialized, organized, and assertive than they were a generation ago. Even in a period of extensive economic difficulty, Latin America's nations are today more prosperous than in 1960. Most are better integrated into the world economy and are much more involved in international politics.

The Dependency Model of Latin American Underdevelopment: Three Basic Fallacies

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
The World ◽  
Dependency Model

This article attempts to examine the set of propositions loosely known as the dependency model of Latin American underdevelopment. The dependency model attributes such underdevelopment to the economic expansion of highly developed capitalist countries, particularly the United States. The model was first elaborated by Latin American economists and has subsequently acquired numerous adherents in the United States, especially among younger political scientists.The basic premise of the dependency model is that the economic development of Latin America has been determined and limited by the needs of the dominant economies in the world capitalist market. Because they are thus conditioned and limited, the Latin American economies are described as “dependent.”

scholarly journals An enchanted modernity: Making sense of Latin America’s religious landscape

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Morello SJ ◽  
Catalina Romero ◽  
Hugo Rabbia ◽  
Néstor Da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The North ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
Popular Religiosity ◽  
Religious Landscape

This is an interpretative, critical, and selective review of scholarly contributions that explore Latin America’s religious landscape. We present data, both qualitative and quantitative, from Latin America and analyze the explanations given to make sense of it. After assessing the literature that uses either secularization theory or the “religious economy” approach, we study explanations that highlight a Latin American style of “popular religiosity.” These three models, in different ways, put the emphasis on religious institutions—their vitality, commands, competition, and authority. We propose, instead, a focus on the religious practices of regular believers. We speculate that embarking from that focus, the idea of an “enchanted modernity” will help make sense of Latin America’s religious landscape. Nuanced elucidation of Latin America’s religious particularities will situate them in dialogue with other regions of the world, like western Europe and the United States, while also acknowledging the fact that Latin America is experiencing a modernization process distinct from the North Atlantic one.

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