scholarly journals Seçimlerin Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. 290-317
Author(s):  
Funda Yurdakul ◽  
Arda Doğruöz

This study aims to explore the effects of election periods on the economy from the perspective of the “public choice theory”. We selected our variables from among those focused by the research that examine elections from the standpoint of political business cycles; i.e., exports, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Wholesale Price Index(TEFE), the number of unemployed, and non-performing loans. Then, we constructed simultaneous models in which these variables were explored as endogenous variables. We used dummy variables for general and local elections in these models and identified 2002:04-2020:04 as our study period. We estimated the coefficients for the econometric models we constructed by using the Engle-Granger and Dynamic Least Squares methods. Our analysis results demonstrate that manipulative decisions and arrangements made before elections do not always create business cycles. Expenditures during election periods impose a permanent burden on the system and the economic arrangements during election periods may not result in political business cycles. Moreover, it is harder for the government in power to manipulate policy objectives than to manipulate policy instruments. Because policy instruments such as public expenditure and money supply are largely controlled by the government in power, while government intervention in indicators such as Gross National Product, exports, inflation, and unemployment is relatively limited. Keywords: Engle-Granger Method, Dynamic Least Squares method, Political Business Cycles. Jel Code: E32, C01, G18

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Iveta Mietule ◽  
Gajane Gukasjan

The article is devoted to the estimation of econometric models of the Latvian economy. The Klein's simplified macroeconomic model of the Latvian economy is discussed. The endogenous variables are consumption, net investment, gross domestic product (excluding net exports and additions to reserves). An exogenous variable is the government spending. The model is just-identified, and Two-stage least squares (2SLS) method provides consistent estimates of the parameters of a structural equation. The modified Keynеsian model was also considered, where the lagged variable - gross domestic product of the previos period is presented. It is proved that the model is over-identified, and the Two-stage least squares (2SLS) method provides estimates of the parameters of a structural equation. We have estimated the models with annual time-series data of the Latvia economy for the years 1995 through 2011 (at basic prices in 2000).


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Antik Suprihanti ◽  
NFN Harianto ◽  
Bonar Marulitua Sinaga ◽  
Reni Kustiari

<strong>English</strong><br />Indonesian government has applied cigarette excise tax policy on clove cigarette which impacts on the rise of cigarette price and cigarette production. Because of tobacco and clove demand are derived demand of cigarette supply, so the change on cigarette production impacts on demand of cigarettes input (tobacco and clove) and it eventually impact on the price of these commodities. The rise of cigarette excise not only impacts on economic surplus of producer and consumer of cigarettes, but also on tobacco and clove farmers. Clove cigarette encompasses hand-rolled clove cigarettes (SKT), machine-rolled clove cigarettes (SKM) and klobot cigarettes (SKB). The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the rise of cigarette excise tax policy toward economic surplus distribution among the economic agents on Indonesian cigarette industries. This research accomodated the data series of 1990-2016 with simultaneous equation system which consisting of 36 structural equations and 25 identity equations. This model was estimated by using 2 SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares) method. The results showed that cigarette excise tax impacted on the rise of government revenue and total economic surplus negatively. The rise of excise tax impacted on negative surplus of cigarette producer decreased, negative surplus of cigarette consumer increased, and farmer surplus decreased (negative). In order to keep positive economic surplus of the farmer, the rise of SKT cigarette tax maximum should be constituted no more than 5,8%. To anticipate the loss of farmer surplus and the decrease of tobacco and clove demand ini the future, the government can use the tax revenue to develop alternative crops besides tobacco such as vegetables, intensification of tobacco as import subtitution and develop diversification of clove products for essential oil, preservatives and others.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemerintah Indonesia telah menerapkan kenaikan tarif cukai rokok kretek yang berdampak pada kenaikan harga rokok dan produksi rokok. Oleh karena permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh merupakan permintaan turunan dari penawaran rokok, maka perubahan produksi rokok akan berdampak pada permintaan input (tembakau dan cengkeh) dan berdampak pada harga kedua komoditas tersebut. Kenaikan cukai tidak hanya berdampak pada surplus ekonomi produsen dan konsumen rokok, tetapi juga petani tembakau dan cengkeh. Industri sigaret kretek meliputi sigaret kretek tangan (SKT), sigaret kretek mesin (SKM) dan rokok klobot (SKB). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak kenaikan cukai rokok terhadap distribusi surplus ekonomi di antara pelaku ekonomi pada industri rokok di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data deret waktu tahun 1990-2016 dengan sistem persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 36 persamaan struktural dan 25 persamaan identitas, yang diestimasi menggunakan metode 2SLS (<em>Two-Staged Least Squares</em>). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya tarif cukai rokok akan menambah penerimaan pemerintah namun berdampak negatif terhadap total surplus ekonomi. Kenaikan cukai rokok berdampak pada negatif surplus produsen rokok makin menurun, negatif surplus konsumen rokok makin meningkat dan surplus petani menjadi turun (negatif). Agar surplus ekonomi petani tetap positif, maka kenaikan tarif cukai khususnya SKT ditetapkan tidak lebih dari 5,8%. Pemerintah dapat memanfaatkan sebagian penerimaan cukai rokok untuk melakukan upaya pengembangkan alternatif tanaman lain selain tembakau seperti sayuran, intensifikasi tanaman tembakau subtitusi impor dan melakukan diversifikasi produk cengkeh sebagai minyak esensial, pengawet dan lainnya untuk mengatasi kerugian petani dan mengantisipasi turunnya permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh pada masa depan.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Vincentas Vobolevičius

Abstract Several studies on municipal hiring decisions have indicated that when a city’s payroll grows, its mayor’s re-election prospects are likely to improve. It is not clear, however, if such an effect is attributable to patronage-driven, or signaling-driven, behavior of the incumbents. The difference is important: patronage leads to inefficient public administration, while signaling can produce political business cycles. In this paper, I propose some key electoral implications of patronage-driven and signaling-driven hiring, and verify them with data on local elections in Bulgaria (2015 and 2011) and in Poland (2014). I find that a large municipal workforce has a negative overall effect on mayors’ re-election. Importantly, the impact of city payroll varies with incumbents’ partisanship (strongly negative for mayors representing the economic right, neutral for independent mayors, positive for ex-communist mayors) and does not depend on the duration of incumbent’s tenure. These findings strongly support the patronage-driven explanation of Eastern Europe’s local political economy.


2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-261
Author(s):  
Aditya Paramita Alhayat

Pemerintah Singapura telah melakukan beragam kebijakan pengendalian tembakau (tobacco control) untuk menekan jumlah perokok. Singapura termasuk salah satu negara di dunia yang menerapkan regulasi ketat dalam pengendalian produk tembakau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan dampak penerapan kebijakan kemasan rokok Singapura terhadap ekspor rokok Indonesia. Kebijakan tersebut diasumsikan memiliki dampak sebagaimana kebijakan pengendalian konsumsi tembakau non-harga pada umumnya meskipun kebijakan tersebut belum diimplementasikan. Metode yang digunakan berupa analisis deskriptif yang dilengkapi dengan analisis ekonometri menggunakan Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) dengan sampel Triwulan III-2006 hingga Triwulan IV-2014. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ekspor rokok Indonesia lebih dipengaruhi oleh re-ekspor Singapura dibandingkan dengan konsumsi domestiknya. Selain itu, kebijakan pengendalian tembakau non-harga secara statistik tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsumsi rokok di Singapura. Oleh sebab itu, Indonesia tidak perlu khawatir dengan rencana kebijakan kemasan rokok yang akan diterapkan. Pemerintah Indonesia harus aktif melakukan negosiasi apabila Singapura benar-benar menerapkan kebijakan kemasan rokok dalam rangka mendapatkan kompensasi perdagangan atas kebijakan tersebut. The government of Singapore has implemented various tobacco control policies to reduce the number of smoker. Singapore is one of the countries in the world that implemented a tight regulation to control tobacco products. This study aims to estimate the potential impacts of Singapore’s cigarette plain packaging policy on the Indonesian cigarettes exports. As this policy is not yet implemented, it is assumed that the policy will have the same impacts as the common tobacco control policy, especially for the non-price policy. The study used descriptive analysis supported by econometrics analysis using Two-Stage Least Squares method (2SLS) using quarterly data from III-2006 to IV-2014. The results showed that the Indonesian cigarettes export is much more influenced by the Singapore’s re-exports rather than by the domestic consumption. Moreover, the non-price tobacco control policies do not have statistically significant effect on the cigarette consumption in Singapore. Therefore, Indonesia should not be worried about the possible implementation of the plain packaging policy. Indonesian government must actively negotiate if Singapore finally implements the plain packaging policy  to get a compensation trade from this policy.


1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
D.E. Turnbull

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maysam Abedi

The presented work examines application of an Augmented Iteratively Re-weighted and Refined Least Squares method (AIRRLS) to construct a 3D magnetic susceptibility property from potential field magnetic anomalies. This algorithm replaces an lp minimization problem by a sequence of weighted linear systems in which the retrieved magnetic susceptibility model is successively converged to an optimum solution, while the regularization parameter is the stopping iteration numbers. To avoid the natural tendency of causative magnetic sources to concentrate at shallow depth, a prior depth weighting function is incorporated in the original formulation of the objective function. The speed of lp minimization problem is increased by inserting a pre-conditioner conjugate gradient method (PCCG) to solve the central system of equation in cases of large scale magnetic field data. It is assumed that there is no remanent magnetization since this study focuses on inversion of a geological structure with low magnetic susceptibility property. The method is applied on a multi-source noise-corrupted synthetic magnetic field data to demonstrate its suitability for 3D inversion, and then is applied to a real data pertaining to a geologically plausible porphyry copper unit.  The real case study located in  Semnan province of  Iran  consists  of  an arc-shaped  porphyry  andesite  covered  by  sedimentary  units  which  may  have  potential  of  mineral  occurrences, especially  porphyry copper. It is demonstrated that such structure extends down at depth, and consequently exploratory drilling is highly recommended for acquiring more pieces of information about its potential for ore-bearing mineralization.


1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-820
Author(s):  
Ján Klas

The accuracy of the least squares method in the isotope dilution analysis is studied using two models, viz a model of a two-parameter straight line and a model of a one-parameter straight line.The equations for the direct and the inverse isotope dilution methods are transformed into linear coordinates, and the intercept and slope of the two-parameter straight line and the slope of the one-parameter straight line are evaluated and treated.


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