scholarly journals Dampak Kebijakan Cukai Rokok terhadap Distribusi Surplus Ekonomi Industri Rokok di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Antik Suprihanti ◽  
NFN Harianto ◽  
Bonar Marulitua Sinaga ◽  
Reni Kustiari
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Simultaneous Equation System ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

<strong>English</strong><br />Indonesian government has applied cigarette excise tax policy on clove cigarette which impacts on the rise of cigarette price and cigarette production. Because of tobacco and clove demand are derived demand of cigarette supply, so the change on cigarette production impacts on demand of cigarettes input (tobacco and clove) and it eventually impact on the price of these commodities. The rise of cigarette excise not only impacts on economic surplus of producer and consumer of cigarettes, but also on tobacco and clove farmers. Clove cigarette encompasses hand-rolled clove cigarettes (SKT), machine-rolled clove cigarettes (SKM) and klobot cigarettes (SKB). The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the rise of cigarette excise tax policy toward economic surplus distribution among the economic agents on Indonesian cigarette industries. This research accomodated the data series of 1990-2016 with simultaneous equation system which consisting of 36 structural equations and 25 identity equations. This model was estimated by using 2 SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares) method. The results showed that cigarette excise tax impacted on the rise of government revenue and total economic surplus negatively. The rise of excise tax impacted on negative surplus of cigarette producer decreased, negative surplus of cigarette consumer increased, and farmer surplus decreased (negative). In order to keep positive economic surplus of the farmer, the rise of SKT cigarette tax maximum should be constituted no more than 5,8%. To anticipate the loss of farmer surplus and the decrease of tobacco and clove demand ini the future, the government can use the tax revenue to develop alternative crops besides tobacco such as vegetables, intensification of tobacco as import subtitution and develop diversification of clove products for essential oil, preservatives and others.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemerintah Indonesia telah menerapkan kenaikan tarif cukai rokok kretek yang berdampak pada kenaikan harga rokok dan produksi rokok. Oleh karena permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh merupakan permintaan turunan dari penawaran rokok, maka perubahan produksi rokok akan berdampak pada permintaan input (tembakau dan cengkeh) dan berdampak pada harga kedua komoditas tersebut. Kenaikan cukai tidak hanya berdampak pada surplus ekonomi produsen dan konsumen rokok, tetapi juga petani tembakau dan cengkeh. Industri sigaret kretek meliputi sigaret kretek tangan (SKT), sigaret kretek mesin (SKM) dan rokok klobot (SKB). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak kenaikan cukai rokok terhadap distribusi surplus ekonomi di antara pelaku ekonomi pada industri rokok di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data deret waktu tahun 1990-2016 dengan sistem persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 36 persamaan struktural dan 25 persamaan identitas, yang diestimasi menggunakan metode 2SLS (<em>Two-Staged Least Squares</em>). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya tarif cukai rokok akan menambah penerimaan pemerintah namun berdampak negatif terhadap total surplus ekonomi. Kenaikan cukai rokok berdampak pada negatif surplus produsen rokok makin menurun, negatif surplus konsumen rokok makin meningkat dan surplus petani menjadi turun (negatif). Agar surplus ekonomi petani tetap positif, maka kenaikan tarif cukai khususnya SKT ditetapkan tidak lebih dari 5,8%. Pemerintah dapat memanfaatkan sebagian penerimaan cukai rokok untuk melakukan upaya pengembangkan alternatif tanaman lain selain tembakau seperti sayuran, intensifikasi tanaman tembakau subtitusi impor dan melakukan diversifikasi produk cengkeh sebagai minyak esensial, pengawet dan lainnya untuk mengatasi kerugian petani dan mengantisipasi turunnya permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh pada masa depan.

scholarly journals Dampak Kebijakan Pajak Ekspor dan Tarif Impor terhadap Kesejahteraan Produsen dan Konsumen Kakao di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Julia Forcina Sinuraya ◽  
Bonar Marulitua Sinaga ◽  
Rina Oktaviani ◽  
Budiman Hutabarat
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Tariff Policy ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Import Tariff ◽  
Export Tax

<strong>English</strong><br />The government of Indonesia is currently promoting development of cocoa processing industries to increase the cocoa added value. The key policy is application of export tax and import tariff for cocoa beans that may cause a number of consequences for the farmers, exporters, and industries. The aim of this research is to analyze impacts of the export tax and import tariff policy on cocoa producers and consumers welfare, and to formulate better policy mix for improving the welfare of cocoa producers and consumer in Indonesia. This research used a simultaneous equation econometric model consisted of 20 structural equations and 9 identity equations that have been estimated using the 2SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares) method using data series of 1989–2014. The results show that the policy of abolishing the cocoa beans export tax increases the producer's welfare but decreases consumers' welfare and total government revenue. Reverse results are obtained if the applied export tax was more than 7%. Import tariff policy of cocoa beans that less than 20% has small impacts on welfare of producers and consumers, but it increases the total government revenue.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemerintah Indonesia sedang berupaya meningkatkan nilai tambah kakao dengan mendorong berkembangnya industri pengolahan kakao. Dua kebijakan kunci ialah pengenaan pajak ekspor dan tariff impor yang diperkirakan dapat berdampak nyata bagi petani, eksportir, maupun industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan pajak ekspor dan tarif impor terhadap kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen kakao serta merumuskan kebijakan untuk perbaikan kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen kakao di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan suatu model ekonometrik persamaan simultan terdiri dari 20 persamaan struktural dan 9 persamaan identitas yang diestimasi dengan metode 2SLS (Two Stage Least Squares) menggunakan data series tahunan 1989–2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan penghapusan pajak ekspor biji kakao berdampak meningkatkan kesejahteraan produsen tetapi menurunkan kesejahteraan konsumen dan total penerimaan pemerintah. Kondisi sebaliknya terjadi apabila dilakukan penerapan pajak ekspor di atas 7%. Kebijakan tarif impor biji kakao di bawah 20% memberikan dampak perubahan yang relatif kecil terhadap kesejahteraan produsen maupun konsumen akan tetapi menambah total penerimaan pemerintah.

scholarly journals Dampak Faktor Eksternal terhadap Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Petani Tebu Keprasan di Jawa Tengah

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Fadilla Ristya Aminda ◽  
Bonar Marulitua Sinaga ◽  
Anna Fariyanti
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Income Source ◽  
Sugar Price ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Two Stage Least Squares ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

<strong>English</strong><br />Central Java Province is one of sugarcane producing centers in Indonesia and Pati is one of sugarcane producing regencies in the province. A total of 5,905 households in Pati regency conduct sugarcane farming as their primary income source. However, sugarcane farmers deal withlimited capital to adopt productivity improving technologies. This study aimed to analyze factors influencing economic decisions of sugarcane farmers in allocating working hours, production, and household’s expenditure, as well as to analyze the impact of changes in input prices, output price, credit, and sugar level on sugarcane farmer household’s welfare in Central Java. Simultaneous equation models consisting of 21 structural equations and 22 identity equations were estimated using Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method. The results showed that an increase in credit, sugar price, and sugar level could compensate increases in fertilizer price and labor wage and had positive impact on farmers’ welfare. Increases in fertilizer price and labor wage could be compensated through credit, sugar price, and sugar level enhancement. It is necessary that the Government increases sugar price and ensures farmers’ access to credit. It aims to encourage farmers to adopt technology through replanting (ratoon replacement) to improve sugarcane productivity and farmers’ welfare.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Jawa Tengah merupakan salah satu sentra produksi tebu di Indonesia. Salah satu kabupaten sentra produksi tebu di Jawa Tengah adalah Pati. Sebanyak 5.905 rumah tangga petani tebu di Kabupaten Pati memiliki usaha tani tebu sebagai sumber pendapatan utama. Rumah tangga petani tebu dihadapkan pada masalah keterbatasan modal sehingga kemampuan adopsi teknologi rendah dan budi daya tidak optimal. Kondisi ini berdampak pada rendahnya produktivitas dan pendapatan rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan ekonomi rumah tangga petani tebu dalam alokasi curahan kerja, produksi, dan pengeluaran rumah tangga, serta dampak perubahan harga input, harga ouptut, kredit, dan rendemen terhadap kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani tebu. Penelitian menggunakan data cross section dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 56 rumah tangga petani tebu. Model ekonomi rumah tangga petani dibangun sebagai sistem persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 21 persamaan struktural dan 22 persamaan identitas, lalu diestimasi menggunakan metode Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan peningkatan harga gula, jumlah kredit, dan rendemen gula berdampak positif terhadap kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani. Peningkatan harga pupuk dan upah tenaga kerja luar keluarga mampu dikompensasi dengan peningkatan jumlah kredit, harga gula, dan rendemen gula. Pemerintah sebaiknya meningkatkan harga patokan petani dan juga memperbesar jumlah kredit yang dapat diakses petani untuk mendorong adopsi teknologi dengan melakukan peremajaan tanaman (bongkar ratoon) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan kesejahteraan rumah tangga.

TAX POLICY IN THE FIELD OF EXCISE TAXES ON TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
A. A. IDRISOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of excise tax revenues to the budget of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the negative impact on the economy of the distribution of illegal tobacco prod-ucts - cigarettes, as well as the impact of new substitutes for this product. The issues of harmonization of the excise policy of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and the regulation of the tax policy in the field of excise taxes on tobacco products, the introduction of new excise taxes on electronic substitutes are considered. These measures are aimed at creating sustainable export-import foreign trade relations and a single market of legalized smoking products. The article is aimed at developing recommendations on strengthening the economy of tobacco production in the context of the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as on increasing tax revenues from them.

scholarly journals The Impact of Public Debt on the Economic Growth of Jordan: An Empirical Study (2000- 2015)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawfiq Ahmad Mousa ◽  
Abudallah. M. LShawareh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

In the last two decades, Jordan’s economy has been relied on public debt in order to enhance the economic growth. As such, an understanding  of the dynamics between public debt and economic growth is very important in addressing the obstacles to economic growth. The study investigates the impact of public debt on economic growth using data from 2000 to 2015. The study employs least squares method and regression model to capture the impact of public debt on economic growth. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a negative impact of total public debt, especially the external debt on economic growth. 

scholarly journals Agriculture Sector Credit and Output Relationship in Nepal

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-53
Author(s):  
Arjun Kumar Dahal ◽  
Khagendra Kumar Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the condition of priority of commercial banks to provide loans to the agricultural sector and to find the relationship and impact of agricultural loans to the agricultural GDP of Nepal. Objectives: This study aims to compare the condition of loan disbursements in agricultural and manufacturing sectors. It further aims to compare loan percent with growth and contribution to the GDP of the agricultural and industrial sectors and tries to show the impact of agricultural loans to the agricultural GDP of Nepal. Methods: It was based on a descriptive and analytical research design. Statistical tools standard deviation, correlation, regression, etc. are used and Excel, and EViews software are used for the statistical calculations. Statistical calculations and graphs are simultaneously used to show and compare the condition of variables. Results: Commercial banks give higher priority to the manufacturing sector for loans than the agricultural sector. The Johansen Co-integration test indicates no long-run relationship between loans of commercial banks and agricultural output in Nepal. However, the least-squares method, it indicates that a positive causal relationship between agricultural loans and agricultural growth. Implications: The loans of commercial banks directly stimulate the growth of agriculture but the amount of growth is less noticeable. Thus, it is concluded that the commercial bank's loan alone cannot affect and control the growth of the agricultural sector of the Nepalese economy therefore the government should increase its expenditure on the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Determinants of Credit Risk in the Banking Sector of Ghana: A Panel Co-integration Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Appiah ◽  
Frank Bisiw
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Integration Techniques ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The economic development of any nation hinges on the health of its financial system. In recent years, the health of the Ghanaian Banking sector has been affected severely as a result of high levels of non-performing loans (NPLs), which has been identified as a major threat to the overall profitability and survival of banks. To minimize the impact of NPLs on the financial sector, key stakeholders such as the government, bank officials and regulators are working hard in that regard. However, any policy response aimed at dealing with the high rate of non-performing loans first requires the understanding of the underlying determinants of NPLs. Against this backdrop, this paper apply panel co-integration techniques to investigate the determinants of credit risk (NPLs) in the banking sector of Ghana.  We use NPL as a proxy to measure credit risk and assess how it is influenced by macroeconomic and bank-specific factors. A balanced panel data of 16 universal banks in Ghana from 2010 to 2016 has been analyzed using Panel co-integration techniques such as Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). Our result shows that growth in the economy, measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has significant influence on the NPLs of banks in the long-run. The results further revealed that capital adequacy, profitability and liquidity of banks are significant predictors of NPLs. However, our results suggest that bank size, inflation and interest rate have statistically insignificant influence on the NPLs of Ghanaian banks. The study recommend, among others, that whereas it is important for government and policymakers to work to improve macroeconomic outcomes, banks should also improve their capital adequacy, profitability, and efficiency position as these bank-specific interventions could significantly improve credit quality and minimize NPLs.

Financial disclosure and performance of microfinance institutions

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakil Quayes ◽  
Tanweer Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Financial Disclosure ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Three Stage Least Squares ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between financial disclosure and the financial performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes ordinary least squares method to analyze the impact of disclosure on financial performance, an ordered probit model to investigate the possible effect of financial performance on disclosure and utilizes a three-stage least squares method to delineate the endogenous relationship between disclosure and financial performance of MFIs. Findings – The paper finds that better disclosure has a statistically significant positive impact on operational performance of MFIs; second, it also shows that improved financial performance results in better financial disclosure. Keeping the endogenous nature of the relationship between disclosure and performance, the paper uses a three-stage least squares method to show that disclosure and financial performance positively affect each other simultaneously. Research limitations/implications – The paper attempts to delineate a positive association between better disclosure on financial performance of MFIs, which can be used for developing a better disclosure policy by management, formulating more effective guidelines for disclosure by the stakeholders and mandating more appropriate laws and uniform disclosure practice by regulators. Originality/value – This is the first study that uses a large number of MFIs from 75 countries; second, it uses a uniform scale of designating a disclosure rating (assigned by MIX Market) to show the relationship between disclosure and performance. Finally, it uses three-stage least squares method to address the possible endogeneity between disclosure and performance.

The impact of land renting-in on farm productivity: evidence from maize production in China

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongwei Qiu ◽  
Qinying He ◽  
S.T. Boris Choy ◽  
Yifei Li ◽  
Biliang Luo
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Land Size ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study investigates the effect of renting in land on farm productivity, and the impacts of rented-in land size and transaction partner type on farm productivity.Design/methodology/approachData from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey are analyzed using an extended regression model and the two-stage least squares method.FindingsFarm households that rent in land are likely to achieve higher farm productivity, and ignoring endogeneity underestimates the positive effect of land renting-in. Further evidence indicates that rented-in land size has an insignificant impact on farm productivity, and that there is no difference in farm productivity between lessees renting-in land from acquaintances and those renting-in land from non-acquaintances. These results may be caused by the higher degree of marketization of land rentals between acquaintances in China. With increasing competition in agricultural factor markets, in theory, rented-in land size should not affect farm productivity.Practical implicationsOverall, the analysis suggests that renting in land improves farm productivity, which supports the land transfer policies that have been rolled out in recent decades in China. However, our finding that rented land size does not affect farm productivity, consistent with the results in the literature, implies that the Chinese government should no longer subsidize or prefer large farms with low productivity. More attention should be paid to small lessees and market-oriented land rentals between acquaintances. Promoting the marketization of land transfers inside acquaintance networks could realize the potential of the land market, especially if land transfers decrease.Originality/valueThis study identifies the effects of renting in land, rented-in land size and type of rental transaction partner on farm productivity using nationally representative data. The findings imply that the government should pay more attention to the marketization of land rentals between acquaintances. Although existing studies regard land rental between acquaintances as informal and of low efficiency, the recent evidence shows that China's land markets are changing, and policy makers should adjust their policies accordingly.

Mandatory CSR expenditure and stock return

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-975
Author(s):  
Asit Bhattacharyya ◽  
Md Lutfur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Endogeneity Bias ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose India has mandated corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure under Section 135 of the Indian Companies Act, 2013 – the first national jurisdiction to do so. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of mandated CSR expenditure on firms’ stock returns by using actual CSR spending data, whereas the previous studies mostly focus on voluntary CSR proxied by CSR scores. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate their baseline regression by using ordinary least squares(OLS) method. Although the baseline regression involving CSR expenditure and stock returns using ordinary least squares method are estimated, endogeneity and reverse causality biases are addressed by using two-stage least squares and generalized method of moments approaches. These approaches contribute mitigating endogeneity bias and biases associated with unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity. Findings The findings document that mandatory CSR expenditure has a negative impact on firms’ stock returns which supports the “shareholders” expense’ view. This result remain robust after controlling for endogeneity bias and the use of both standard and robust test statistics. The authors however observe that this result holds for the firms with actual CSR expenditure equal to the mandated amount but does not hold for the firms with actual CSR expenditure greater than the mandated amount. Therefore, the authors provide evidence that CSR expenditure’s impact on stock returns depends on whether firms simply comply the regulation or voluntarily chose an amount of CSR expenditure above the mandated amount. Originality/value The primary contribution is to present a valid and robust evidence of negative effect of mandated CSR spending on firms’ stock returns when the mandatory CSR spending rule is already in place. This study contributes by examining the impact of mandated CSR spending on stock during post-implementation period (2015-2017), whereas other studies by Dharampala and Khanna (2018); Kapoor and Dhamija (2017); and Mukherjee et al. (2018) mainly examined the impact of legislation on Indian CSR. The authors use mandated actual CSR expenditure, whereas previous studies mostly focus on voluntary CSR proxied by CSR scores.

scholarly journals The Impact of Rice Import Policy on Community Economic Welfare in East Java

2022 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Widayanti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Distribution Point ◽  
The Government ◽  
Welfare Changes ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to identify policies, levels of imports, production and consumption in East Java, to analyze the impact of rice import tariff policies on production and consumption and also the community welfare changes in East Java. The data that used in this study are secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), BULOG, and other research. The method of analysis uses the 2SLS simultaneous equation and the economic surplus simulation. The results showed that from 2004 to 2018, East Java always had a higher rice production rate than the consumption, but still continued to do rice import to maintain price stabilization. The simulation of a tariff increase causes an increase in production and a decrease in consumption, and vice versa. Liberalization of the rice trade (tariff exemption) has led to greater economic welfare, but from a distribution point of view, producers receive a smaller surplus than consumers, which means that the benefit distribution aspect of government policies is not realized, so the government must pay more attention to producer surpluses and consumer surpluses without much disadvantage one of the parties.

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