A Comprehensive Review on Perchlorate Chemistry

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Swati Chandrawanshi ◽  
Manas Kanti Deb ◽  
Ramsingh Kurrey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Trace Level ◽  
Dairy Milk ◽  
Different Sources

Perchlorate anion (ClO4-) has been found in environmental and biological systems such as ground water, surface water, soil, fruit, dairy milk, breast milk, plant tissues, beverages, urine and blood etc. High amount of perchlorate leads to toxicity by inhibiting the iodide uptake in sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) protein system; therefore thyroid hormones can’t be synthesized.The permissible limit of perchlorate in drinking water is 15ng/mL proposed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). It is measured in environmental and biological matrices by applying various techniques. This paper reviews the sources, toxicity, different techniques applied in estimation of perchlorate and its remediation. Different sources of perchlorate in environment and its toxicity has been discussed. For the removal of perchlorate many biological and chemical processes have been applied. This paper also highlights traditional and novel techniques employed for trace level determination of perchlorate in different matrices. The various merits and demerits of instrumental techniques employed have also been discussed.

Identification of novel sodium iodide symporter (NIS) interactors which modulate iodide uptake

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Fletcher ◽  
Vikki Poole ◽  
Bhavika Modasia ◽  
Waraporn Imruetaicharoenchoke ◽  
Rebecca Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Iodide Uptake

Identification of novel sodium iodide symporter interactors which modulate iodide uptake

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Fletcher ◽  
Vikki Poole ◽  
Bhavika Modasia ◽  
Waraporn Imruetaicharoenchoke ◽  
Rebecca Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Iodide Uptake

scholarly journals Rapid regulation of thyroid sodium–iodide symporter activity by thyrotrophin and iodine

2005 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea C F Ferreira ◽  
Lívia P Lima ◽  
Renata L Araújo ◽  
Glaucia Müller ◽  
Renata P Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Concomitant Administration ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis ◽  
Serum Tsh

Transport of iodide into thyrocytes, a fundamental step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, depends on the presence of the sodium–iodide symporter (NIS). The importance of the NIS for diagnosis and treatment of diseases has raised several questions about its physiological control. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of thyroid iodine content on NIS regulation by thyrotrophin (TSH) in vivo. We showed that 15-min thyroid radioiodine uptake can be a reliable measurement of NIS activity in vivo. The effect of TSH on the NIS was evaluated in rats treated with 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI; hypothyroid with high serum TSH concentrations) for 21 days, and after 1 (R1d), 2 (R2d), or 5 (R5d) days of withdrawal of MMI. NIS activity was significantly greater in both MMI and R1d rats. In R2d and R5d groups, thyroid iodide uptake returned to normal values, despite continuing high serum TSH, possibly as a result of the re-establishment of iodine organification after withdrawal of MMI. Excess iodine (0.05% NaI for 6 days) promoted a significant reduction in thyroid radioiodide uptake, an effect that was blocked by concomitant administration of MMI, confirming previous findings that iodine organification is essential for the iodide transport blockade seen during iodine overload. Therefore, our data show that modulation of the thyroid NIS by TSH depends primarily on thyroid iodine content and, further, that the regulation of NIS activity is rapid.

scholarly journals The Sodium-Iodide Symporter NIS and Pendrin in Iodide Homeostasis of the Thyroid

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 1084-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigerim Bizhanova ◽  
Peter Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Sensorineural Deafness ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Pendred Syndrome ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Anion Transporter ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis ◽  
Biallelic Mutations

Thyroid hormones are essential for normal development and metabolism. Thyroid hormone biosynthesis requires iodide uptake into the thyrocytes and efflux into the follicular lumen, where it is organified on selected tyrosyls of thyroglobulin. Uptake of iodide into the thyrocytes is mediated by an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein, the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), which actively cotransports two sodium cations per each iodide anion. NIS-mediated transport of iodide is driven by the electrochemical sodium gradient generated by the Na+/K+-ATPase. NIS is expressed in the thyroid, the salivary glands, gastric mucosa, and the lactating mammary gland. TSH and iodide regulate iodide accumulation by modulating NIS activity via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Biallelic mutations in the NIS gene lead to a congenital iodide transport defect, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypothyroidism, goiter, low thyroid iodide uptake, and a low saliva/plasma iodide ratio. Pendrin is an anion transporter that is predominantly expressed in the inner ear, the thyroid, and the kidney. Biallelic mutations in the SLC26A4 gene lead to Pendred syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness, goiter, and impaired iodide organification. In thyroid follicular cells, pendrin is expressed at the apical membrane. Functional in vitro data and the impaired iodide organification observed in patients with Pendred syndrome support a role of pendrin as an apical iodide transporter. This review shows how the sodium-iodide symporter mediates the active transport of iodide at the basolateral membrane of thyrocytes and discusses biallelic mutations in NIS and the effects of pendrin.

scholarly journals DETERMINAÇÃO DE GLIFOSATO E ÁCIDO AMINOMETILFOSFÔNICO EM ÁGUAS SUPERFICIAIS DO ARROIO PASSO DO PILÃO

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELO DUTRA DA SILVA ◽  
MARIA DO CARMO RUARO PERALBA ◽  
MARIA LAURA TURINO MATTOS
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Brazilian Legislation ◽  
Aminomethylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
High Concentrations

Para investigar a presença do herbicida Glifosato na microbacia hidrográfica arroio Passo do Pilão foram coletadas amostras de água em 15 distintos pontos no arroio Passo do Pilão, nos períodos de 30 e 60 dias após a aplicação do herbicida (DAAH), as quais foram analisadas por cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (CLAE). As análises revelaram a presença do herbicida nas águas superficiais dessa microbacia, tanto nas amostras após 30 dias de aplicação do Glifosato como nas de 60 DAAH. Concentrações elevadas (acima de 100 ppb) foram detectadas, principalmente em pontos próximos às áreas de intenso cultivo. As concentrações detectadas foram menores que 500 e 700 ppb, limites de concentrações máximas permitidas para o Glifosato pela legislação brasileira e pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos, respectivamente. DETERMINATION OF GLYPHOSATE AND AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID IN SUPERFICIAL WATERS OF ARROIO PASSO DO PILÃO Abstract To investigation the presence of Glyphosate herbicide in Arroio Passo do Pilão watershed, samples of water were collected in 15 distinct points in Arroio Passo do Pilão, in period of 30 and 60 days after herbicide application (DAHA), which were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis revealed the presence of the herbicide in superficial areas of this watershed, even in the samples after 30 days of Glyphosate applicatication as in 60 DAHA. High concentrations (above 100 ppb) were detected, mainly in points near to intense cultivation areas. The concentrations detected were smaller than 500 and 700 ppb, limits of the maximum concentrations allowed for Glyphosate by the brazilian legislation and by the Environmental Protection Agency of United States, respectivelly.

scholarly journals Effect of Iodide on Human Choriogonadotropin, Sodium-Iodide Symporter Expression, and Iodide Uptake in BeWo Choriocarcinoma Cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 4046-4051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huika Li ◽  
Kerry Richard ◽  
Brett McKinnon ◽  
Robin H. Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Human Choriogonadotropin ◽  
Fetal Thyroid ◽  
Choriocarcinoma Cells

Abstract Context: Active placental transport of maternal iodide by the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) provides an essential substrate for fetal thyroid hormone synthesis. NIS is expressed in trophoblast and is regulated by human choriogonadotropin (hCG). In thyroid, iodide down-regulates expression of several genes including NIS. Placentas of iodine-deficient rats demonstrate up-regulation of NIS mRNA, suggesting a role for iodide in regulating placental NIS. Objectives and Methods: The objectives were to examine effects of iodide on expression of NIS and hCG in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Gene expression was studied by quantitative real-time PCR. Effects on NIS protein expression were assessed by Western blotting. Functional activity of NIS was measured by 125I uptake. Expression of hCG protein was assessed by immunoassay of secreted hormone. Results: Iodide inhibited NIS mRNA and membrane protein expression as well as 125I uptake, which were paralleled by decreased βhCG mRNA expression and protein secretion. Iodide had no effects on pendrin expression. Addition of hCG increased NIS mRNA expression. This effect was partially inhibited by addition of iodide. The inhibitory effects of iodide on NIS mRNA expression were abolished by propylthiouracil and dithiothreitol. Conclusions: We conclude that expression of placental NIS is modulated by maternal iodide. This may occur through modulation of hCG effects on NIS and hCG gene expression.

A nonradioactive iodide uptake assay for sodium iodide symporter function

2010 ◽  
Vol 396 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Waltz ◽  
Lucie Pillette ◽  
Yves Ambroise
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Uptake Assay
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