Notes on rust fungi in China 3. Puccinia adenocauli comb. nov. and its life cycle and new host

Mycotaxon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Jing-Xin Ji ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Zhuang Li ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Makoto Kakishima
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
New Host

Notes on rust fungi in China 8. Pucciniastrum tiliae life cycle and new host plants inferred from phylogenetic evidence

Mycotaxon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-499
Author(s):  
Jing-Xin Ji ◽  
Zhuang Li ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Makoto Kakishima
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
New Host ◽  
First Time

The life cycle connection between spermogonial and aecial stages of a rust fungus found on Abies holophylla and uredinial and telial stages on Tilia mongolica and T. mandshurica collected in northeast China were confirmed by phylogenetic analyses. The rust, identified as Pucciniastrum tiliae, was confirmed by morphological observations. The life cycle of this rust fungus is reported for the first time in China, and A. holophylla and T. mongolica represent new host plants for the species.

Autonomy and integration in complex parasite life cycles

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (14) ◽  
pp. 1824-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL P. BENESH
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Free Living ◽  
New Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Life Cycle Stages

SUMMARYComplex life cycles are common in free-living and parasitic organisms alike. The adaptive decoupling hypothesis postulates that separate life cycle stages have a degree of developmental and genetic autonomy, allowing them to be independently optimized for dissimilar, competing tasks. That is, complex life cycles evolved to facilitate functional specialization. Here, I review the connections between the different stages in parasite life cycles. I first examine evolutionary connections between life stages, such as the genetic coupling of parasite performance in consecutive hosts, the interspecific correlations between traits expressed in different hosts, and the developmental and functional obstacles to stage loss. Then, I evaluate how environmental factors link life stages through carryover effects, where stressful larval conditions impact parasites even after transmission to a new host. There is evidence for both autonomy and integration across stages, so the relevant question becomes how integrated are parasite life cycles and through what mechanisms? By highlighting how genetics, development, selection and the environment can lead to interdependencies among successive life stages, I wish to promote a holistic approach to studying complex life cycle parasites and emphasize that what happens in one stage is potentially highly relevant for later stages.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Stage Conversion in the Coccidian Apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, and Neospora caninum

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Sokol-Borrelli ◽  
Rachel S. Coombs ◽  
Jon P. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
New Host ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Stage Conversion ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Species Specific

Stage conversion is a critical life cycle feature for several Apicomplexan parasites as the ability to switch between life forms is critical for replication, dissemination, pathogenesis and ultimately, transmission to a new host. In order for these developmental transitions to occur, the parasite must first sense changes in their environment, such as the presence of stressors or other environmental signals, and then respond to these signals by initiating global alterations in gene expression. As our understanding of the genetic components required for stage conversion continues to broaden, we can better understand the conserved mechanisms for this process and unique components and their contribution to pathogenesis by comparing stage conversion in multiple closely related species. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about the mechanisms driving stage conversion in Toxoplasma gondii and its closest relatives Hammondia hammondi and Neospora caninum. Work by us and others has shown that these species have some important differences in the way that they (1) progress through their life cycle and (2) respond to stage conversion initiating stressors. To provide a specific example of species-specific complexities associated with stage conversion, we will discuss our recent published and unpublished work comparing stress responses in T. gondii and H. hammondi.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomics of Gymnosporangium spp. teliospores reveals a conserved genetic program at this specific stage of the rust fungal life cycle

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Qi Tao ◽  
Bin Cao ◽  
Emmanuelle Morin ◽  
Ying-Mei Liang ◽  
Sébastien Duplessis
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Comparative Transcriptomics ◽  
Genetic Program ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
General Role ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Abstract Background Gymnosporangium spp. are fungal plant pathogens causing rust disease and most of them are known to infect two different host plants (heteroecious) with four spore stages (demicyclic). In the present study, we sequenced the transcriptome of G. japonicum teliospores on its host plant Juniperus chinensis and we performed comparison to the transcriptomes of G. yamadae and G. asiaticum at the same life stage, that happens in the same host but on different organs. Results Functional annotation for the three Gymnosporangium species showed the expression of a conserved genetic program with the top abundant cellular categories corresponding to energy, translation and signal transduction processes, indicating that this life stage is particularly active. Moreover, the survey of predicted secretomes in the three Gymnosporangium transcriptomes revealed shared and specific genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes and secreted proteins of unknown function that could represent candidate pathogenesis effectors. A transcript encoding a hemicellulase of the glycoside hydrolase 26 family, previously identified in other rust fungi, was particularly highly expressed suggesting a general role in rust fungi. The comparison between the transcriptomes of the three Gymnosporangium spp. and selected Pucciniales species in different taxonomical families allowed to identify lineage-specific protein families that may relate to the biology of teliospores in rust fungi. Among clustered gene families, 205, 200 and 152 proteins were specifically identified in G. japonicum, G. yamadae and G. asiaticum, respectively, including candidate effectors expressed in teliospores. Conclusions This comprehensive comparative transcriptomics study of three Gymnosporangium spp. identified gene functions and metabolic pathways particularly expressed in teliospores, a stage of the life cycle that is mostly overlooked in rust fungi. Secreted protein encoding transcripts expressed in teliospores may reveal new candidate effectors related to pathogenesis. Although this spore stage is not involved in host plant infection but in the production of basidiospores infecting plants in the Amygdaloideae, we speculate that candidate effectors may be expressed as early as the teliospore stage for preparing further infection by basidiospores.

scholarly journals Life cycle and genetic diversity of willow rusts (Melampsora spp.) in Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Ciszewska-Marciniak ◽  
Małgorzata Jędryczka
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Dna Polymorphism ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Short Rotation

The paper is a review of classical and recent studies on willow rusts in Europe, with special reference to short rotation coppice willows used for biomass production, such as common osier willow (<i>Salix viminalis</i> L.). The review presents the taxonomic classification of rust fungi from the genus <i>Melampsora</i> spp. We present a list of telial hosts (genus <i>Salix</i>) as well as aecial hosts for different rust species. The life cycle of this fungal pathogen is described in detail from the epidemiological and genetic point of view. The DNA polymorphism of <i>M. lariciepitea</i>, the rust species most responsible for severe yield losses of plant biomass, is characterised based on RAPD, AFLP and RFLP-PCR methods.

scholarly journals New host records of rust fungi (Pucciniales) from Pakistan

Mycotaxon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509
Author(s):  
B. Ali ◽  
Y. Sohail ◽  
A.S. Mumtaz
Keyword(s):  
Rust Fungi ◽  
New Host ◽  
New Host Records

scholarly journals Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Maria Cambra-Pellejà ◽  
Javier Gandasegui ◽  
Rafael Balaña-Fouce ◽  
José Muñoz ◽  
María Martínez-Valladares
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Human Health ◽  
One Health ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
New Host ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Subcutaneous Nodules ◽  
Wide Geographical Distribution ◽  
And Control ◽  
Prepatency Period

The genus Onchocerca includes several species associated with ungulates as hosts, although some have been identified in canids, felids, and humans. Onchocerca species have a wide geographical distribution, and the disease they produce, onchocerciasis, is generally seen in adult individuals because of its large prepatency period. In recent years, Onchocerca species infecting animals have been found as subcutaneous nodules or invading the ocular tissues of humans; the species involved are O. lupi, O. dewittei japonica, O. jakutensis, O. gutturosa, and O. cervicalis. These findings generally involve immature adult female worms, with no evidence of being fertile. However, a few cases with fertile O. lupi, O. dewittei japonica, and O. jakutensis worms have been identified recently in humans. These are relevant because they indicate that the parasite’s life cycle was completed in the new host—humans. In this work, we discuss the establishment of zoonotic Onchocerca infections in humans, and the possibility of these infections to produce symptoms similar to human onchocerciasis, such as dermatitis, ocular damage, and epilepsy. Zoonotic onchocerciasis is thought to be an emerging human parasitic disease, with the need to take measures such as One Health Strategies, in order to identify and control new cases in humans.

Planktonic Distribution of Sea Lice Larvae, Lepeophtheirus Salmonis, in Killary Harbour, West Coast of Ireland

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Costelloe ◽  
J. Costelloe ◽  
G. O'Donohoe ◽  
N.J. Coghlan ◽  
M. Oonk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
New Host ◽  
Resident Fish ◽  
Subsequent Decrease

The distribution of Lepeophtheirus salmonis larvae in Killary Harbour was investigated by taking plankton tows from a number of stations on a regular basis during the spring/summer period in 1995 and 1996. Current patterns, ovigerous lice loads on the resident fish and water temperature and salinity were also recorded during the study. Larvae were only found consistently at a station close to a salmon farm at the mouth of the harbour. In the inner harbour, close to the mouths of two rivers, larvae were recovered in sporadic time blocks. Highest densities of larvae were found at the beginning of the study in both years in the inner harbour with a subsequent decrease in the following months. The distribution, density and origin of the larvae are discussed in relation to the prevailing current patterns in the harbour, the ovigerous lice loads on the resident fish and the requirements of the larvae to locate a new host and complete the life cycle.

The diversity and natural history of parasites

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-50
Author(s):  
Paul Schmid-Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
New Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Parasitic Lifestyle ◽  
History Of

Parasites are more numerous than non-parasitic species and have evolved in virtually all groups of organisms, such as viruses, prokaryotes (bacteria), protozoa, fungi, nematodes, flatworms, acantocephalans, annelids, crustaceans, and arthropods (crustacea, mites, ticks, insects). These groups have adapted to the parasitic lifestyle in very many ways. Evolution towards parasitism has also followed different routes. Initial steps such as phoresy, followed by later consumption of the transport host, are plausible evolutionary routes. Alternatively, formerly free-living forms have become commensals before evolving parasitism. Complex life cycles with several hosts evolved by scenarios such as upward (adding a new host upwards in the food chain), downward, or lateral incorporation, driven by the advantage of extending growth phases within hosts and increasing fecundity. Examples are digenea; other parasites have added vectors to their life cycle.

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