scholarly journals Viktor Ambartsumian’s most important scientific achievements

2018 ◽  
pp. 162-183
Author(s):  
A. M. Mickaelian
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Stellar Dynamics ◽  
Dense Matter ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
International Astronomical ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Scientific Achievements

We give a review of the most important scientific achievements of one of the greatest scientists of the XX century, the founder of the modern astrophysics in Armenia, Viktor A. Ambartsumian (1908-1996). He has fundamentally contributed in various fields of astronomy and astrophysics, cosmogony, theoretical physics, mathematics, and philosophy. We list the most important scientific results, including his revolutionary works on origin and evolution of stars and activity of galactic nuclei that turned over the development of astrophysics and gave life to our before unchanged Universe. He was one of the founders of the theory of planetary nebulae, stellar dynamics, protostellar dense matter, as well as he has contributed in other important areas of the theoretical astrophysics. Ambartsumian was also a great organizer of science, important political and public figure. He was the founding Director of the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO, 1946-1988), the President of the Armenian Academy of Sciences in 1947-1993, the President of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1961-1964 and the President of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in 1968-1972. He was the founder of the theoretical astrophysics in the Soviet Union, the founder of chairs of astrophysics in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) and Yerevan state universities, as well as the journals Communications of BAO and Astrofizika (Astrophysics).

India of 1920s as Seen by Soviet Playwright, Consulting Indologists, Theater Critics

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Igor Yu. Kotin ◽  
Nina G. Krasnodembskaya ◽  
Elena S. Soboleva
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
10Th Anniversary ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Congress ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Detailed Picture

The authors of this contribution analyze the circumstances and the history of a popular play that was staged in the Soviet Union in 1927-1928. Titled Jumah Masjid, this play was devoted to the anti-colonial movement in India. A manuscript of the play, not indicating its title and the name of its author, was found in the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences among the papers related to A.M. and L.A. Meerwarth, members of the First Russian Expedition to Ceylon and India (1914-1918). Later on, two copies of this play under the title The Jumah Masjid were found in the Russian Archive of Literature and Art and in the Museum of the Tovstonogov Grand Drama Theatre. The authors of this article use archival and published sources to analyze the reasons for writing and staging the play. They consider the image of India as portrayed by a Soviet playwright in conjunction with Indologists that served as consultants, and as seen by theater critics and by the audience (according to what the press reflected). Arguably, the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution in Russia in 1927 and the VI Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) in 1928 encouraged writing and staging the play. The detailed picture of the anti-colonial struggle in India that the play offered suggests that professional Indologists were consulted. At the same time the play is critical of the non-violent opposition encouraged by Mahatma Gandhi as well as the Indian National Congress and its political wing known as the Swaraj Party. The research demonstrates that the author of the play was G.S. Venetsianov, and his Indologist consultants were Alexander and Liudmila Meerwarth.

Ethnicity and Anthropology in the Soviet Union

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Gellner
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Anthropology ◽  
The West ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Soviet Academy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Interaction History ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Revolution

InThePastDecade, a minor revolution has taken place within Soviet Anthropology. ‘Ethnography’ is one of the recognised disciplines in the Soviet academic world, and corresponds roughly to what in the West is called social anthropology. This revolution has as yet been barely noticed by outside observers (1). Its leader is Yulian Bromley, a very Russian scholar with a very English surname, Director of the Institute of Ethnography of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The revolution consists of making ethnography into the studies of ethnos-es, or, in current Western academic jargon, into the study of ethnicity—in other words the study of the phenomena of national feeling, identity, and interaction. History is about chaps, geography is about maps, and ethnography is about ethnoses. What else ? The revolution is supported by arguments weightier than mere verbal suggestiveness; but by way of persuasive consideration, etymology is also invoked.

scholarly journals To the 100th anniversary of Vadim Evgen’evich Garutt (October 12, 1917 – March 28, 2002)

2018 ◽  
Vol 322 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
V.S. Baygusheva ◽  
I.V. Foronova ◽  
S.V. Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

The article contains a biography of the famous Russian paleontologist V.E. Garutt (1917–2002), the oldest research worker of the Zoological institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, who studied the Pleistocene elephants of Northern Eurasia. He published more than 70 scientific papers on the origin and evolution of elephants of mammoth line, the morphology, changeability and features of the development of ancient proboscides. V.E. Garutt suggested two subfamilies Primelephantinae and Loxodontinae. He is the author of several taxa of fossil elephants of the generic, specific and subspecific levels. On his initiative, the skeleton of the Taimyr mammoth was adopted as the neotype of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. He actively defended the independence of the genus Archidiskodon. A number of famous and important for the science paleontological specimens (skulls and skeletons of southern elephants, trogontherine and woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses and elasmotherium) were restored and mounted by V.E. Garutt. They adorn a number of museums and institutes in Russia (St. Petersburg, Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Azov, Rostov-on-Don) and abroad (Tbilisi, Vilnius, Edersleben, Sangerhausen). In addition, V.E. Garutt was an active popularizer of paleontological science. He collected a scientific archive on the remains of elephants from many regions of the former Soviet Union and some countries of Western Europe, which is now stored in the Azov museum-reserve (Azov). Several grateful pupils began their way in paleontology under the leader ship of V.E. Garutt. And they continue active work nowadays.

scholarly journals Richard Pipes: A Life Against the Tide (1923-2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Wojciech Łysek
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Political Studies ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article discusses the life and work of the outstanding Sovietologist Richard Pipes, who was born in a Polonized Jewish family in Polish Cieszyn. After an adventurous trip to the United States in 1939 and 1940, he graduated in history from Harvard University and devoted himself to scientific work. For the next half a century, Pipes dealt with the historical and contemporary aspects of Russia. In his numerous publications, including more than 20 monographs, he emphasised that the Soviet Union continued rather than broke with the political practice of tsarist Russia. In his professional work, he thus contested views prevailing among American researchers and society. From the 1960s, Pipes was involved in political activities. He was sceptical about détente, advocating more decisive actions towards the Soviet Union. Between 1981 and 1983, he was the director of the Department of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the National Security Council in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Although retiring in 1996, he did not give up his scientific activity. Pipes died on 17 May 2018; according to his last will, his private book collection of 3,500 volumes has been donated to the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

The Soviet Encyclopaedia on Africa

1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
I. Yastrebova
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Original Culture ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Rich History ◽  
Comprehensive Reference

The rich history and original culture of the peoples of Africa have long attracted attention in Russia. The first Russian books on Africa appeared as far back as the end of the eighteenth century. Since then about 600 books on Africa, including fundamental monographs, special anthologies, and booklets, have been published in our country; but the new encyclopaedia, Africa, is the first comprehensive reference book on this subject to be produced in the Soviet Union. It has been sponsored by the Africa Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the ‘Sovetskaya Encyclopaedia’ State Scientific Publishing House, with research assistance from several institutes of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and other educational and scientific institutions.

scholarly journals Results from the 1977 coordinated observing campaign on HDE 226868 = Cygnus X-1

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 297-298
Author(s):  
C. T. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Radio Flux ◽  
International Astronomical Union ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
International Astronomical ◽  
Flux Measurements

A coordinated campaign of radio, optical, and x-ray observations of the bright x-ray source Cygnus X-1 took place August 7–21, 1977 under sponsorship of Commission 42 of the International Astronomical Union. Radio flux measurements, optical spectra, photometry, and polarimetry were obtained during this period by ten groups from Canada, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The x-ray flux was monitored continuously by the SAS-3 satellite between August 11.0 and 17.0.

scholarly journals Comparative Religion and Anti-Religious Museums of Soviet Russia in the 1920s

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Marianna Shakhnovich
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Comparative Religion ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Historical Museums ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Selection Of

By the end of the 1920s, more than 100 anti-religious museums had been opened in the Soviet Union. In addition, anti-religious departments appeared in the exhibitions of many local historical museums. In Moscow, the Central Anti-Religious Museum was opened in the Cathedral of the Strastnoi Monastery. At that time, the first museum promoting a comparative and historical approach to the study and presentation of religious artifacts was opened in Petrograd in 1922. The formation of Museum of Comparative Religion was based on the conjunction of the activities of the Petrograd Excursion Institute, the Academy of Sciences, and the Ethnographic department of Petrograd University. In this paper, based on archival materials, we analyze the methodological principles of the formation of the exhibitions at the newly founded museum, along with its themes, structure, and selection of exhibits. The Museum of Comparative Religion had a very short life before it was transformed into the Leningrad anti-religious museum, but its principles were inherited by the Museum of the History of Religion, which was opened in 1932.

International Mathematical Education: Mathematics in the Schools of the U.S.S.R.

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-239
Author(s):  
G. G. Masloya ◽  
A. I. Markushevitz
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Mathematical Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Mathematical ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
School Programs ◽  
Academic Plan ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

MUCH work has been done in the Soviet Union over the past years in improving school programs. A commission on the content of education, convened by the Academy of Sciences and Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the U.S.S.R., prepared a new academic plan for the high school and programs for all subjects, includiug mathematics. The chairman of the program commission in mathematics was academician A. N. Kolmogorov.

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