Physical Chemical Factors in Bond Strength in Multiply Vulcanized Articles

Abstract Bond strength between the components of multiply articles in the vulcanized state depends on many factors which make themselves evident in the various stages of manufacture of the articles as well as under service conditions. In the present paper we shall give a description of the main physical chemical factors which were revealed in the course of experimental work in the physics and chemistry divisions of the Tire Research Institute, mainly in 1951 to 1953.

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The Status of the Theory of Bond Strength in Multiply Articles

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3542146 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 306-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. L. Slonimskiĭ

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Bond Strength ◽

Bonding Agents ◽

Joint Zone ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

The Status ◽

Chemical Factors ◽

The Difference ◽

External Forces

Abstract 1. Ply separation of multiply specimens and articles, operating under conditions of repeated deformation, is a result of fatigue of the boundary layer. 2. The development of the process of fatigue is determined by the structure and composition of the fatigued material, and also by the pattern of action. 3. The difference of fatigue of the boundary layer from the fatigue of uniform masses of material is governed by their difference in composition and structure, and also by the difference in the patterns of deformations of the boundary layer and of the uniform materials. 4. The formulation, technological and physical chemical factors, which influence each other mutually, determine the structure and compositions of the boundary layer which is eventually formed in the process of contacting the surfaces and vulcanization. 5. The pattern of action of the mechanical forces upon the boundary layer is determined by the applied external forces or deformations, by the construction of the multiply specimen or article and by the ratio of the elastic characteristics of the material (Young's modulus and Poisson's coefficient). 6. The formation of principles of a theory of bond strength between the elements of multiply articles is possible only by ascertaining the mechanism of fatigue of the boundary layer. For this we require the investigation of the viscoelastic properties of the raw stocks, of the phenomena which take place at surfaces of uniform raw stocks and of pliedup raw stocks, and of the process of vulcanization in the boundary layer. All these questions must be investigated as a complex, i.e., with consideration of the internal bonds existing between the formulation, technological and physical chemical factors. In addition it is necessary to analyze the influence of the construction and the elastic properties of the materials upon the character of the stresses, which arise in the joint zone. 7. A further major task in the theory of bond strength is the theoretical consideration of the nature of the tackiness of raw stocks and of the mechanism of the action of bonding agents.

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Some Physical-Chemical Factors Influencing Percutaneous Absorption From Dermatologicals

Current Problems in Dermatology - Skin - Drug Application and Evaluation of Environmental Hazards ◽

10.1159/000401284 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 156-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dale E. Wurster

Keyword(s):

Percutaneous Absorption ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Chemical Factors

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Contribution to the limnological knowledge of the Salada Grande Lagoon: 2. Plankton seasonal variations and some correlations with physical-chemical factors

SIL Proceedings 1922-2010 ◽

10.1080/03680770.1950.11895301 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 302-308

Author(s):

S. R. Olivier

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variations ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Chemical Factors

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Differentiated macrophyte types as a habitat for rotifers in small mid-forest water bodies

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-009-0178-4 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anna Basińska ◽

Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen

Keyword(s):

Water Body ◽

Catchment Area ◽

Trophic State ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Open Water ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Rotifer Community ◽

Chemical Factors ◽

Rotifer Communities ◽

Eutrophic Species

AbstractThe rotifer community structure may be shaped by a variety of environmental factors, including biological parameters, such as predation or competition, as well as by physical-chemical factors, among which the kind of macrophyte substratum and parameters relating to the trophic state and to the catchment area conditions are of great importance. Another impact on rotifer composition, abundance and frequency may be expected when considering differentiated macrophyte types (including helophytes, nymphaeids and elodeids) within a group of eight ponds located within a mid-forest catchment area, which was the main aim of the present study. Detailed analysis on the participation of indicator eutrophic rotifer species provided an additional goal of this investigation in order to qualify the trophic state of this kind of water body located within the Wielkopolska region, in the central western part of Poland.The presence of 117 taxa, including 7 species that are rare or infrequently distributed in the Polish fauna was recorded. The number of taxa and rotifer abundance differed greatly in respect to the specific water body and to the type of substratum. The vegetated zones dominated by elodeids were characterised by the most various and most abundant rotifer communities as well as by the highest values of the Shannon-Weaver index. This reflects a positive relationship between the heterogeneity of habitat and the structure of rotifer communities. It was also found that helophytes and the open water zone possessed the highest, while elodeids the lowest percentage of eutrophic species.

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On the Employment of Volunteers in Trypanosomiasis Research; and on the Element of Control in Experiments with Trypanosomes and Glossinae

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000023623 ◽

1934 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 315-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H. Lyndhurst Duke

Keyword(s):

Experimental Work ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Main Theme ◽

Research Institute

The two subjects considered in this paper are of practical importance to those interested in research of the kind carried out at the Human Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Uganda. Their discussion would seriously encumber a report on experimental work and would distract the reader's attention from the main theme. The subjects are therefore dealt with separately, since they bear on all work, past and present, carried out at the Institute.

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Physical-Chemical Factors Affecting the Preparation of a Coarse Solid Dispersion by Crystallization of Indowhacin from a Metastable Solid Solution

Drug Development Communications ◽

10.3109/03639047609051904 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 2 (4-5) ◽

pp. 359-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. C. Saboe ◽

R. E. Dempski

Keyword(s):

Solid Solution ◽

Solid Dispersion ◽

Metastable Solid Solution ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Chemical Factors

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DISTRIBUSI LONGITUDINAL DAN STRUKTUR POPULASI Rasbora spp. DI SUNGAI BANJARAN KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

Scripta Biologica ◽

10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.2.450 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Titis Amelia ◽

Windiariani Lestari ◽

Agus Nuryanto

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Population Structure ◽

Species Richness ◽

The Body ◽

Longitudinal Distribution ◽

Running Water ◽

Total Length ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Chemical Factors ◽

Species Richness And Abundance

Rasbora is a genus of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae. Three species belonging to this genus were found in Java Island; R. aprotaenia, R. lateristriata, and R. argyrotaenia. Rasbora inhabits clear running water with sandy and gravel bottom. This study aimed to determine the longitudinal distribution of Rasbora spp. based on their species richness and abundance at Banjaran River; to determine the population structure of Rasbora spp based on their body weight, standard and total length; and to identify interactions between physical-chemical factors with species richness and abundance of Rasbora spp. This research was a survey, with purposive random sampling technique applied to collect samples. The research divided the study sites into five stations based on their altitude and topography. The Cluster Analysis was calculated based on species richness and relative abundance of Rasbora spp., while the longitudinal distribution and the population structure were presented descriptively. The interaction between the physical-chemical factors and the species richness and abundance of Rasbora were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Thi study found two species of Rasbora, namely Rasbora argyrotaenia and Rasbora lateristriata with 80 and 2 individuals respectively. R. argyrotaenia was distributed longitudinally along Banjaran River. Meanwhile, R. latestriata was only found at the upstream. Based on the body weight, the population of R. argyrotaenia at the station three were found highest by the average body weight of 1–6 gr of a total 31 individuals. The maximum measurements of the standard length were observed at the station 3 with a range of diameter 4.0–5.9 cm of 30 individuals. The total length were also found at the station 3 with a range of measuremtnt 5.0–7.9 cm of 33 individuals. R. latestriata was found only two individual with body weights measured were 9 gr and 10 gr, the standard lengths were 7.6 and 8.5 cm, and the total lengths were 9.5 and 10.5 cm. The distribution of R. argyrotaenia was influenced mostly by pH, the speed of the water, and DO. The presence of R. lateristriata was influenced primarily by BOD and depth.

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Community Structure of Gastropods in Seagrass Meadows at Coastal Area of Nusi and Gersen, Nabire Regency

JURNAL SUMBERDAYA AKUATIK INDOPASIFIK ◽

10.46252/jsai-fpik-unipa.2019.vol.3.no.2.72 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 89

Author(s):

Marce Souisa ◽

Simon P. Leatemia ◽

Selfanie Talakua

Keyword(s):

Coastal Waters ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Seagrass Habitat ◽

Dominance Index ◽

Seagrass Meadows ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Seagrass Ecosystem ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Chemical Factors

Gastropods plays an important role in the food chain on seagrass ecosystem and its existence are depend on the physical-chemical factors in the seagrass ecosystem. This study aims to determine the density and diversity of gastropods associated in seagrass habitat in Nusi and Gersen coastal waters. The measurement results of some physical-chemical waters variables, are still quite good for the life of gastropods. Species composition of gastropod in Nusi at higher than at the Gersen, but instead of individual density in Gersen more higher than Nusi. Diversity index of gastropods at Nusi station is higher (3,757) than Gersen (3.053), on the contrary the eveness and dominance index are higher at Gersen station than Nusi station. Community similarity index by species is low between the two stations, which indicates that the species of gastropods at both stations is quite different. The influence of human activity and higher utilizatin of gastropods in Nusi has lowered the density of gastropods in seagrass habitat, so it needs awareness efforts on the importance of gastropods and the seagrass habitat for coastal ecosystem.

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