Factors Affecting Bond Strength between the Elements of Tires

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 556-580
Author(s):  
G. N. Buĭko ◽  
N. M. Arenzon ◽  
A. I. Tumanova ◽  
N. P. Zinchenko ◽  
N. A. Pruzhanskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Decisive Importance ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Technical Proficiency ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract 1. Ply separation of tires is one of the essential factors reducing their mileage, particularly under difficult service conditions. Enhancement of the dynamic bond strength between elements of the tires is a most important line of study for increasing the mileage of tires based on synthetic rubber. 2. An analysis of defects in tires failing as a result of separation shows that for a given level of technical proficiency in handling synthetic rubber the adhesion type of separation between pliedup compounds or between rubber and cord (of viscose filament) is predominant. This form of failure is particularly characteristic of tires with vulcanizates based on butadiene/styrene rubber in all the main parts. 3. In investigations concerning separation phenomena in tires, decisive importance attaches to methods of determination of bond strength under conditions of dynamic loading of pliedup vulcanizates and rubber cord systems. We still do not have methods which could be regarded as fully satisfying the requirements proposed. However a series of methods have been provided which make it possible to assess, with an accuracy suitable for practical purposes, the effect of this or that factor upon the bond strength and to show the advantages and inadequacies of pliedup systems from the point of view of the operation of tires under actual service conditions. 4. The experimental results obtained show that the dynamic bond strength in pliedup systems, as also the endurance of the tires in relation to separation resistance, is determined by a complex body of physico-chemical and technological factors, by the construction of the articles, and also by the pattern of loading under repeated deformations. The general theoretical ideas developed in articles by some investigators, that the highest bond strength is to be achieved where full adhesion of the raw pliedup stocks takes place, as shown by the disappearance of boundaries between them, and that in all cases the factors which enhance the flowability of the stock enhance also the bond strength between them, were not confirmed experimentally.

Physical landscapes in biological membranes: physico–chemical terrains for spatio–temporal control of biomolecular interactions and behaviour

2005 ◽  
Vol 363 (1827) ◽  
pp. 575-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Membrane Rafts ◽  
Biomolecular Interactions ◽  
Membrane Dipole Potential ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Influential Parameters ◽  
Detection Technologies

The evolving complexities of biological membranes are discussed from the point of view of potential roles of the physical constitution of the membrane. These include features of the surface and dipole potentials and membrane ‘rafts’. These properties are outlined; they emphasize that protein–lipid and specific lipid environments are influential parameters in how biomolecular interactions may take place with and within membranes. Several fluorescence detection technologies directed towards measurement of these properties are also outlined that permit high–resolution experimental determination of intermolecular interactions with membranes by measuring small changes of these potentials. These point to the possibility that the membrane dipole potential in particular is enormously influential in determining the behaviour of receptor and signalling systems within membrane rafts, and offers the means of a novel mechanism for biological control.

Dynamic Methods for Determination of Bond Strength between Rubbers and between Rubber and Cord

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
M. A. Tsydzik ◽  
A. I. Lukomskaya ◽  
G. L. Slonimskiĭ
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Dynamic Deformation ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Methods Of Determination ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Methods ◽  
Shape Structure ◽  
Viscose Cord

Abstract The standard methods of determination of bond strength between layers of rubber and rubberized fabric and between rubber and other materials (GOST 6768-53, GOST 264-53 and others) are of the static type and do not give a clear assessment of the bond strength of multiply rubber structures which are subject during use to temperature influences and to complex deformations which are repeated many times. This drawback is partially compensated for by carrying out the tests at elevated temperatures. Nevertheless static tests, from their very nature, cannot reproduce the particular character of dynamic conditions. In recent years there have been developed in different countries a large number of dynamic methods of determination of bond strength, which often differ little from each other in principle. In connection with the establishment of production of tires of 100% synthetic rubber, and also the introduction of viscose cord, dynamic methods were established in the Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Shin. Prom. (Tire Research Institute) and at the Moscow and Yaroslavl Tire Works. These methods differ from each other in the nature of the action (repeated compression, repeated shear and the like) and in the shape, structure and dimensions of the specimens being tested, but were fairly similar in the testing routine. If the settling of the specimens in the testing period is negligible, then the testing routine may be regarded as one of constant dynamic deformation, or, more accurately, of constant ampliture of movement of the platens deforming the specimens. In 1954 we established in the mechanical testing laboratory of the Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Shin. Prom. a new method of determination of the bond strength of the rubber with rubber and of the rubber with the cord. The method allows tests to be carried out in repeated compression and in repeated shear in three principal sinusoidal cycles: 1) with constant dynamic loading, 2) with constant dynamic deformation and 3) with constant product of amplitudes of force and movement.

scholarly journals Determination of the true water content, the nature of the impurities and their concentration in transformer oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
I.D. Gizzatova ◽  
V.K. Kozlov ◽  
D.M. Valiullina
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transformer Oil ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insulating Properties

During the operation of transformers, the insulating oil is aging, therefore, there is the deterioration of its insulating properties, which is determined by multiple physico-chemical processes. The most dangerous factor, from the point of view of preserving the operational reliability and resource of a power transformer, is the moisture content of the insulation. Most methods for determining moisture content have measurement errors. These errors are largely dependent on impurities that are contained in the oil. The modified Fisher method proposed in the article allows determining the amount of impurities in the oil and the absolute moisture content. Conducted research allows also to determine the composition of impurities, to reveal the relationship between impurities and some parameters of transformer oil.

Vulcanization of Synthetic Rubbers

1951 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Pisarenko ◽  
P. A. Rebinder
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Plastic Flow ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Spatial Structures ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Abstract Although for a century since the discovery of the vulcanization of rubber by sulfur many investigators have worked in this field, the problem of vulcanization can still not be considered to be well understood, either from the theoretical or the practical point of view. The basis of the most widely accepted theory of vulcanization of rubber is the concept of bridges, according to which the vulcanizing agent, sulfur, unites the macromolecules of rubber into spatial chains by primary valences. The concept that such spatial structures are formed during the vulcanization process explains well the decrease in the degree of saturation of the rubber and the changes in its physical properties, e.g., decreases in solubility and plastic flow, and considerable increases in strength, modulus, and resilience. A number of experimentally established facts, however, can never be reconciled with the bridge theory of vulcanization, especially when the vulcanization of synthetic rubbers is investigated. As a consequence of this, a number of investigators in this country have pointed out the shortcomings of the bridge theory and the necessity of finding a better explanation of the physico-chemical and colloidal reactions which take place during the vulcanization of rubber. More recently Dogadkin and his associates have shown that even when an accelerator is added, which leads to an increase of the bridge sulfur content of the vulcanizate, the total amount remains insignificant, e.g., in the case of natural rubber it amounts to only 7–10 per cent and, in the case of synthetic rubber, to 2–6 per cent of the total bound sulfur.

Modeling of dynamic mosaicism on ring chromosomes in human fibroblasts and IPSCS

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Т.В. Никитина ◽  
А.А. Кашеварова ◽  
М.М. Гридина ◽  
А.А. Хабарова ◽  
А.Г. Мензоров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Mitotic Stability ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ring Chromosomes ◽  
Cell Clones ◽  
Mitotic Instability ◽  
Mitotic Behavior

Митотическая нестабильность кольцевых хромосом может приводить к появлению клеточных клонов с различной генетической структурой. В качестве модели нестабильности кольцевых хромосом в митозе мы использовали фибробласты от пациентов с r(8), r(13), r(18) и r(22) и полученные из них индуцированные плюрипотентные стволовые клетки (ИПСК). Линии ИПСК с r(22) имели относительно стабильный кариотип на протяжении десятков (до 60) пассажей и сохраняли неизменную структуру кольцевой хромосомы. Кариотип линий ИПСК с r(8) и r(18) на ранних пассажах стабильный, планируется его изучение на поздних пассажах. Наибольшее разнообразие кариотипа выявлено в линиях ИПСК с r(13), в которых наблюдали различные перестройки и выраженную клеточную гетерогенность. Определение факторов, влияющих на митотическую стабильность кольцевых хромосом, может иметь значение для консультирования пациентов. Mitotic instability of ring chromosomes can lead to the appearance of cell clones with different genetic structure. IPSCs from fibroblasts of patients with r(8), r(13), r(18), and r(22) were used as a model of ring chromosomes mitotic behavior. Karyotypes of iPSC lines with r(8) and r(18) have so far been evaluated only in the early passages, lines with r(22) have maintained a relatively stable karyotype up to 60 passages. The occurrence of rearrangements and cellular heterogeneity was found characteristic for r(13) iPSCs. The determination of factors affecting the ring chromosomes mitotic stability would be beneficial for the patient’s prognosis.

WISATA BAHARI PADA ZONA PEMANFAATAN TAMAN NASIONAL MANUSELA: POTENSI DAN FAKTOR PENGARUH PENGEMBANGAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Ivonne R. G. Kaya ◽  
Fildo De Lima
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Tourism Attractions ◽  
Depth Interviews

Tourism has become one of the major players in ‎international commerce and represents one of the main income ‎sources for many developing countries at the same time. These dynamics have turned tourism into a key driver for socio-‎economic progress.‎ This article described the potential of tourism attraction and factor affecting the development of marine tourism area in the utilization zone of Manusela National Park. Semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted with respondent (n=110) in Bellarizky, Air Belanda, Ora Beach and Lizar Bahari resort. The potential of tourist attractions in the utilization zone of Manusela National Park is as a snorkeling, diving and point of view. Factors affecting the development are service, transportation, supporting facilities and tourism attractions.

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