Searching of the Source of Educational Inequality

Various approaches to investigating the sources of inequality in education are discussed in the paper. It is noted that data on the representation of students from families with various parental status at levels of education do not give a full picture of what is happening. Full-fledged interpretation requires to turn to a much larger amount of information, primarily because an influence of the family and the environment during the period of primary socialization is of decisive importance for the formation of chances in the educational sphere. The social experience of the family, the models of social behavior based on it, the developed cultural patterns, strategies, and tactics are important. At the same time, the orientations towards education are not fixed once and for all; they can be transformed if the general situation changes (for example, economic) or a directed influence is made (for example, pedagogical). The formed orientations are, as it were, a starting position and later sets the direction and speed of possible reflection on certain influences. The pandemic and the resulting intensification of distance learning have sharply increased the importance of motivation and other students’ qualities, formed during the period of primary socialization: they are critical for academic success. The accompanying growth of inequality in education has actualized the search for its sources to find means to overcome or at least reduce it. Equalization of opportunities for young people from all social groups is especially important for the growth of human potential.

Rozszerzenie kręgu podmiotów uprawnionych do skorzystania ze szczególnej ochrony konsumenckiej

The article aims to analyze and evaluate the last amendment of the Civil Code by which articles 3855, 5564, 5765 enter into force. These regulations are expanding the group of entities entitled to consumer protection. New provisions, by the intention of the legislator, are to provide entrepreneurs who are natural persons concluding contracts with entrepreneurs with the stronger market position the same protection as provided for consumers in the scope of the use of abusive clauses, warranty for defects and the right to withdraw from a distance or off-premises contract. The introduced regulation raises some theoretical and practical doubts. They result from the unclear terms used by the legislator and from giving decisive importance to the data contained in CEIDG when qualifying contracts in terms of their professional nature.

Household budget management and women’s position in peasant families in the Polish lands in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

This article attempts to answer the question about the position of women in Polish peasant families in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries based on the memoirs of rural women. Contrary to the claim that taking control over the household budget gave women more power on the farm, memoirs of peasant women show that it was rather an additional duty and responsibility. This problem mainly affected low-income families, where income from typically male activities was insufficient, so homemakers supported the family from the female part of the farm: gardening and dairy production. Thus, despite the decisive importance of women’s earnings for the household budget, their power in the family had only a symbolic dimension.

USE OF LOW POTENTIAL ENERGY FOR ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

This article presents new directions for the search for alternative energy sources that can be extracted from the environment, have unlimited reserves, low cost of conversion into other types of energy, do not use fossil fuels, are autonomous, environmentally friendly, do not depend on meteorological conditions and the time of year, do not require long lines for power transmission. Objectives: Rational use of fuel and energy resources is today one of the global world problems, the successful solution of which, apparently, will be of decisive importance not only for the further development of the world community, but also for the preservation of its habitat

Diagnostic value of 12-zone lung ultrasound protocol for diagnosing COVID-19-associated pneumonia in outpatients

Introduction: In the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, lung ultrasound can be of decisive importance for planning further treatment approach in patients with infection. There is still no clear priority for the choice of lung ultrasound protocol in an outpatient setting. Aim: The objective of the study was to evaluate the applicability of 12-zone protocol lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of COVID- 19 associated pneumonia in outpatients. Materials and methods: We examined 39 outpatients meeting the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19 infection (17 men and 22 women) aged 31–75 years (median 49 years). All patients underwent lung ultrasound immediately after chest computed tomography performed by a blinded specialist. Correlation analysis of the results of a quantitative assessment of the detected signs, assessment of the diagnostic significance of lung ultrasound for identifying signs of pneumonia were performed. Results: Pneumonia was diagnosed by computed tomography in 25 (64%; 95% CI 47–79) out of 39 patients. At the same time, ultrasound signs of interstitial abnormalities were detected in 31 patients. Multiple (narrow) B-lines, confluent (wide) B-lines, as well as areas of subpleural consolidation and “white lung” were the most common lung ultrasound abnormalities. When evaluating the method, the optimal sensitivity/ specificity ratio was obtained for a value of ≥2 points, the area under the curve = 0.970 (95% CI 0.858–0.999; p <0.0001). The score of lung ultrasound significantly correlated with computed tomography quantitative assessment (r = 0.928, p <0.001). Conclusion: Despite some limitations, lung ultrasound can be extremely useful in primary care settings, also in the case of a significant number of admitted patients, to detect features of COVID-19 associated pneumonia.

"Practical Dialectics", or the Laws of History and the Sovereign Power of the Paradox

Статья посвящена анализу предложенного А.Л. Юргановым генезиса сталинской «практической диалектики». Отталкиваясь от полемики «механистов» и «диалектиков», Юрганов прослеживает становление такой диалектической структуры, где решающее значение имеет суверенная воля модератора. «Борьба на два фронта» – это логическая машина, которая всегда обеспечивает выигрыш тому, кто ее запускает. В статье эта «машина модерации» сопоставляется, с одной стороны, с размышлениями Карла Шмитта и Джорджо Агамбена о суверенитете и чрезвычайном положении, а с другой – с идеей Бориса Гройса о советской власти как о торжестве «медиума языка» над «медиумом денег». В финале намечается дальнейшая перспектива исследования роли этой машины в позднесоветских условиях. The article is devoted to the analysis of the conception of the genesis of Stalin's "practical dialectics" proposed by A.L. Yurganov. Starting from the polemics of "mechanists" and "dialecticians", Yurganov traces the formation of such a dialectical structure, where the sovereign will of the moderator is of decisive importance. A “fight on two fronts” is a logical machine that always wins for the one who launches it. The article compares this "moderation machine", on the one hand, with the thoughts of Carl Schmitt and Giorgio Agamben about sovereignty and a state of emergency, and on the other, with Boris Groys's idea of Soviet power as the triumph of the "medium of language" over the "medium of money." In the finale, a further perspective is outlined for researching the role of this machine in late Soviet conditions.

General linguistic aspects of borrowed Svan vocabulary

This paper presents general conclusions on all aspects related to word borrowing, taking into account the borrowing-adaptation of foreign-language lexical units assimilated into Svan from Georgian- Zan, as well as North Caucasus, Western European, Russian and Eastern languages (directly or indirectly), to determine the ways and chronology of borrowings, which is very important and interesting to present a general picture of the development of Svan phonological and lexical systems. The study of borrowed material of Svan, as it has been said many times, will once again support the opinion recognized in Kartvelology for the great (sometimes decisive) importance of the grammatical phenomena of Svan in solving a number of linguistic problems.

The epistolary heritage of Leo Tolstoy at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries: the motive of reading in the estate

Based on the analysis of the letters of Leo Tolstoy 1890–1910 the article analyzes the motive for reading, which is directly related to the estate life. The epistolary heritage of the writer has not yet been fully investigated, and in the study of the estate theme in the work of the late Tolstoy, it plays an important role. Typical for the late XIX — early XX centuries the process of impoverishment of noble estates at this time almost did not touch Yasnaya Polyana. While Tolstoy was alive, his estate remained a kind of energy center. Tolstoy's statements about the works he read in letters make it possible to estimate the volume of his reading, the literature he preferred. The author of the article selected illustrative examples from Tolstoy’s letters with a polar assessment of the works of various writers. The author analyzes the direct messages of the writer about reading as a pastime, hobby, realized mainly in letters to close people: stories about home reading, about the impressions of books. Special attention is paid to reading as the basis for the moral formation of a person and his spiritual growth, as well as the choice of books, the study of which was of decisive importance for the further course of Tolstoy's thought and the direction of his artistic and journalistic work. The article comprehends the role of Tolstoy as a key figure in the literary process at the turn of the century, evaluates its manifestations in the writer’s epistolary heritage.

Optimization of economic and ecological components of using agricultural lands for balansed land use and rural areas development

The study is devoted to solving a topical problem related to the deterioration of land quality in Ukraine and in many countries around the world. This article proposes the use of economic and mathematical modelling to optimize the structure of sown areas of crops on the example of the whole of Ukraine in the direction of ensuring the balance of humus in the soil depending on the influence of a number of environmental and economic factors. The formation of the economic and mathematical model was the basis of the research methodology in this work. Based on the use of a systematic approach to assessing the effectiveness of the agricultural land use system, a number of environmental and economic indicators were selected and three groups of restrictions in the field of intensification of agricultural land use were formed. The applied approach made it possible to develop a task to optimize the sown area of crops in order to preserve the quality of land. The results of solving the formed problem showed the need to limit the sown area under crops, the cultivation of which leads to the loss of humus in the soil; in particular, it is proposed to limit the sown area under sunflower. The results of the study allowed us to draw the following conclusions: a positive effect on the quality of soils from the cultivation of annual and perennial grasses was established, which requires an increase in sown areas under these crops; promising indicators for achieving a deficit-free balance of humus in soils during the cultivation of crops have been identified; an algorithm for choosing solutions to ensure balanced use of agricultural land in the agricultural sector has been developed that the presented procedure for choosing solutions will increase the environmental and economic efficiency of agricultural land use; it is established that for the realization of certain goals in the system of land use, the decisive importance should be given to the consideration and coordination of environmental, economic and social interests.

INTELLIGENCE AS AN OBJECT OF RESEARCH

The article deals with an overview of research on intelligence from the pre-scientific to post-neoclassical periods of the development of science. The continuity of knowledge is shown, the purpose of which is to determine the boundaries of human cognition of objective reality to create an optimal model of society, in which the maximum realization of intellectual potential is possible. A retrospective analysis shows that researchers have defined the basis of intelligence in different ways, designating the biological or environmental components as the dominant. The use of logical-deductive or experimental-inductive methods as a methodological basis had a decisive influence on the researcher while choosing methodological tools to solve the problem posed. The article notes that despite the task of studying intellectual development throughout ontogenesis, the period of gerontogenesis has been less studied. Empirical studies of intellectual development during this period prove that intellectual decline is largely the result of insufficient intellectual activity, the monotony of activity and a person's unwillingness to acquire new competencies in later life due to a number of objective and subjective reasons. It is noted that the decisive importance in ascending intellectual development has the level and quality of a person's subjectivity. This is expressed in the need for purposeful random activity, in which a person can abstract from social stereotypes about an unconditional decrease in intellectual development during the period of gerontogenesis.