scholarly journals Variations of GSM Path Loss Exponent with Propagation Distance at L-Band Frequencies in Different Microcellular Environment of Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Isaac Chukwutem Abiodun ◽  
Joshua Idogho
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Path Loss Exponent ◽  
Breakpoint Distance ◽  
L Band ◽  
Suburban Environment

Propagation path loss exponent is an important component of system design, and knowing the values helps to avoid surprises when the actual service begins. The path loss exponent is known to be critical in establishing the coverage of any new cellular network. Estimating the path loss exponent of any environment requires raising new data sets, which can be accomplished by conducting experiments. With this objective, the present study reports the L-band signal RSS level measurements of 6 GSM base stations in the urban, suburban and rural environments of Ondo and Ekiti States in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. Using a Sony Ericsson TEMS phone monitoring device—connected to a laptop equipped with TEMS software and base station cell reference—and a GPS device, RSS measurements were performed in each sector of the base station up to 1200 m, employing a single sector verification method. The values of path loss exponents were computed from the deduced values of path loss at 50 m intervals up to distances of 1200 m. Close to the base station, the following exponent values were observed—between 2.0 and 3.8 in the urban environment, 2.0 to 2.8 in the suburban environment while for the rural environment, 1.5 to 2.6 we're observed. After the breakpoint distance, higher path loss exponent values of up to 6 was recorded in the urban environment, exponent value of up to 4.3 was observed in the suburban environment and up to 3.5 exponent value in the rural environment. It was also observed that the rural environment presented the longest breakpoint distance of 500 m. The high path loss exponents observed, especially in the urban environment, could cause GSM operators to rethink the margins they have provided. This study is useful for the design of upcoming network systems in these regions and in similar regions.

scholarly journals Determination of an Outdoor Path Loss Model and Signal Penetration Level in Some Selected Modern Residential and Office Apartments in Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
V. O. A. Akpaida ◽  
F. I. Anyasi ◽  
S. I. Uzairue ◽  
A. I. Idim
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Exponent ◽  
Received Power

This article involves the site specific determination of an outdoor path loss model and Signal penetration level in some selected modern residential and office apartments in Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Measurements of signal strength and its associated location parameters referenced globally were carried out. Propagation path loss characteristics of Ogbomosho were investigated using three different locations with distinctively different yet modern building materials. Consequently, received signal strength (RSS) was measured at a distance d in meters, from appropriate base stations for various environments investigated. The data were analyzed to determine the propagation path loss exponent, signal penetration level and path loss characteristics. From calculations, the average building penetration losses were, 5.93dBm, 6.40dBm and 6.1dBm outside the hollow blocks B1, solid blocks B2 and hollow blocks mixed with pre cast asbestos B3, buildings respectively with a corresponding path loss exponent values of, 3.77, 3.80 and 3.63. Models were developed and validated, and used to predict the received power inside specific buildings. Moreover, the propagation models developed for the different building types can be used to predict the respective signal level within the building types, once the transmitter – receiver distance is known. The readings obtained from the developed models were compared with both the measured values and values computed using some existing models with satisfactory results obtained.

Mobile Communications: The Beginning

2021 ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
Laszlo Solymar
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Frequency Allocation ◽  
Working Frequency

weThe problem to solve was the frequency allocation and power requirements. A working frequency for a given cluster had to be chosen high enough so that there are enough channels. The power radiated out by the mobile phone had to be large enough to reach the base station and low enough not to cause disturbance in the neighbouring cluster. Also the size of the clusters depended on population density, larger in urban environment, smaller in rural environment. The sudden growth of the number of mobile phones in the period 1994 to 1997 is noted and plotted.

scholarly journals Sensor-Aided EMF Exposure Assessments in an Urban Environment Using Artificial Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Joe Wiart
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Reference Map ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Using Data

This paper studies the time and space mapping of the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure induced by cellular base station antennas (BSA) using artificial neural networks (ANN). The reconstructed EMF exposure map (EEM) in urban environment is obtained by using data from EMF sensor networks, drive testing and information accessible in a public database, e.g., locations and orientations of BSA. The performance of EEM is compared with Exposure Reference Map (ERM) based on simulations, in which parametric path loss models are used to reflect the complexity of urban cities. Then, a new hybrid ANN, which has the advantage of sorting and utilizing inputs from simulations efficiently, is proposed. Using both hybrid ANN and conventional regression ANN, the EEM is reconstructed and compared to the ERM first by the reconstruction approach considering only EMF exposure assessed from sensor networks, where the required number of sensors towards good reconstruction is explored; then, a new reconstruction approach using the sensors information combined with EMF along few streets from drive testing. Both reconstruction approaches use simulations to mimic measurements. The influence of city architecture on EMF exposure reconstruction is analyzed and the addition of noise is considered to test the robustness of ANN as well.

scholarly journals A study and Description of the Femtocells Wireless Communication Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Fathi Alwafie ◽  
Ali Ukasha ◽  
Nabeil A. Abujnah
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Nomadic Users ◽  
Infrastructure Maintenance

In this paper the femtocell base station called as Femtocell Access Point (FAP) was descriped and studied. The femtocell (FAP) is fully user deployed and hence reduces the infrastructure, maintenance and operational cost of the operator while at the same time providing good Quality of Service (QoS) to the end user and high network capacity gains. The surest way to increase the system capacity and data rates can be achieved efficiently in a wireless system by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hotspots, distributed antennas, or relays. Femtocells deployed in the macrocell significantly improve the indoor coverage and provide better user experience. In this paper the four indoor propagation path loss models with simulated data for different scenarios at 2 GHz are presented In additions the Simulation were carried out in two different scenarios LOS and NLOS for max 50m femtocell and max 100m  macrocell network. The simulation results was implemented using Matlab code software.

scholarly journals Joint UAV channel modeling and power control for 5G IoT networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuhua Fu ◽  
Tian Ding ◽  
Rongqun Peng ◽  
Cong Liu ◽  
Mohamed Cheriet
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Control ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper studies the communication problem between UAVs and cellular base stations in a 5G IoT scenario where multiple UAVs work together. We are dedicated to the uplink channel modeling and the performance analysis of the uplink transmission. In the channel model, we consider the impact of 3D distance and multi-UAVs reflection on wireless signal propagation. The 3D distance is used to calculate the path loss, which can better reflect the actual path loss. The power control factor is used to adjust the UAV's uplink transmit power to compensate for different propagation path losses, so as to achieve precise power control. This paper proposes a binary exponential power control algorithm suitable for 5G networked UAV transmitters and presents the entire power control process including the open-loop phase and the closed-loop phase. The effects of power control factors on coverage probability, spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency under different 3D distances are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the optimal power control factor can be found from the point of view of energy efficiency.

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