scholarly journals A Critical Analysis of the Need for a Stronger International Legal Framework for Cyber Ethics in Times of Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Nataliya MAROZ
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Cyber Ethics

Cyber technologies have changed both social and international relations dramatically. The influence of information and telecommunication technologies (hereafter – ICTs) extends from daily life to fundamental freedoms, economies, public administration and political relations. Recent changes brought by coronavirus has emphasized the world’s heavy dependence on ICTs. The technologies provide a virtual environment for normal working processes, ensure e-procurement for medical equipment and supplies, raise awareness of coronavirus prevention, maintain people’s life at hospitals etc. However, ICTs not only provide considerable benefits to society as a whole, but also can be used for criminal purposes as well as in manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations to inflict substantial damage to critical infrastructure of a state, interfere in elections, block e-government and bank services etc. The pandemic has led to the introduction of new cyber challenges and risks. At the same time, there is no international treaty on cybersecurity as well as on combating cybercrime concluded under the auspices of the United Nations that could be applicable to cope with these newly emerged threats. In this situation, cybersecurity challenges might be addressed through ethical norms, which are more flexible than international legal norms. Thus, in the absence of comprehensive legal response to cyber risks cyber ethics is particularly important. Therefore, the article analyzes international legal basis for international cyber ethics. It distinguishes the types of international relations that are regulated by ethical norms. The research defines new risks to cyber security that have emerged during the pandemic and discusses possible ways to respond them through cyber ethics. The paper expresses a view that ethical rules concerning friendly and responsible state behaviour in the context of combating cybercrime should be reflected in an international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, which is going to be developed under the auspices of the United Nations.

scholarly journals Implementation in practice: The use of force to protect civilians in United Nations peacekeeping

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvild Bode ◽  
John Karlsrud
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Member States ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Peacekeeping ◽  
Normative Foundations

Since the failures of the United Nations of the early 1990s, the protection of civilians has evolved as a new norm for United Nations peacekeeping operations. However, a 2014 United Nations report found that while peacekeeping mandates often include the use of force to protect civilians, this has routinely been avoided by member states. What can account for this gap between the apparently solid normative foundations of the protection of civilians and the wide variation in implementation? This article approaches the question by highlighting normative ambiguity as a fundamental feature of international norms. Thereby, we consider implementation as a political, dynamic process where the diverging understandings that member states hold with regard to the protection of civilians norm manifest and emerge. We visualize this process in combining a critical-constructivist approach to norms with practice theories. Focusing on the practices of member states’ military advisers at the United Nations headquarters in New York, and their positions on how the protection of civilians should be implemented on the ground, we draw attention to their agency in norm implementation at an international site. Military advisers provide links between national ministries and contingents in the field, while also competing for being recognized as competent performers of appropriate implementation practices. Drawing on an interpretivist analysis of data generated through an online survey, a half-day workshop and interviews with selected delegations, the article adds to the understanding of norms in international relations while also providing empirical insights into peacekeeping effectiveness.

scholarly journals POLITIK HUKUM DALAM PEMBAHARUAN PERATURAN EKSTRADISI DI INDONESIA DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN UNITED NATIONS MODEL TREATY ON EXTRADITION OF 1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Zarisnov Arafat ◽  
Muhammad Gary Gagarin Akbar
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Territorial Sovereignty ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Times ◽  
Made In

Ekstradisi secara universal hingga saat ini mengalami perubahan yang semakin baik, terutama setelah kehidupan bernegara sudah mulai tampak lebih maju sampai abad 20 ini. Hubungan dan pergaulan internasional menemukan bentuk dan substansinya yang baru dan berbeda dengan zaman sebelum Perjanjian Perdamaian Westphalia tahun 1648. Negara-negara yang berdasarkan atas prinsip kemerdekaan kedaulatan dan kedudukan sederajat mulai menata dirinya masing-masing terutama masalah domestik dengan membentuk dan mengembangkan hukum nasionalnya, yang salah satunya di bidang hukum pidana nasional. Hukum pidana nasional masing-masing negara, terutama jenis-jenis kejahatan atau tindak pidananya, disamping pula ada kesamaan dan perbedaannya. Semakin menguat batas wilayah dan kedaulatan teritorial masing-masing negara, semakin menguat pula penerapan hukum nasionalnya di dalam batas wilayah negara masing-masing. Semakin banyaknya perjanjian-perjanjian yang dibuat oleh negara-negara baik bilateral ataupun multilateral untuk mengatur suatu masalah tertentu yang sudah, sedang, dan akan dihadapi. Dalam pembuatan perjanjian tersebut mulai dilakukan pengkhususan atas substansinya, jadi tidak lagi satu perjanjian mencakup berbagai macam substansi yang berbeda-beda. Di Indonesia peraturan mengenai Ekstradisi dibuat pada tahun 1979, mengingat hingga saat ini belum terjadi perubahan di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1979 padahal PBB telah membuat suatu model pembuatan perjanjian ekstradisi pada tahun 1990, sehingga sudah selayaknya peraturan mengenai ekstradisi di Indonesia harus mengalami pembaharuan ke depan yang lebih baik. Kata Kunci: Ekstradisi, Politik Hukum, Hukum Pidana.   Abstract Extradition is universally up to now experiencing increasingly good changes, especially after the state of life has begun to appear more advanced until the 20th century. International relations and relationships find new and different forms and substance from the times before the Treaty of Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Countries that are based on the principle of freedom of sovereignty and equal position begin to organize themselves, especially domestic problems by forming and developing national laws, which one of them is in the field of national criminal law. The national criminal law of each country, especially the types of crime or criminal acts, besides there are similarities and differences. The stronger regional boundaries and territorial sovereignty of each country, the stronger the application of national laws within the borders of each country. The increasing number of agreements made by countries both bilaterally and multilaterally to regulate a particular problem that has been, is being, and will be faced. In making these agreements, specialization of the substance began to be carried out, so no more than one agreement covers a variety of different substances. In Indonesia, the Extradition regulation was made in 1979, considering that until now there had been no changes in Law Number 1 of 1979 even though the United Nations had made a model for making an extradition treaty in 1990, so that proper regulations on extradition in Indonesia must undergo reform better future.                                   Keyword: Extradition, Politics of Law, The Criminal Law.                                                                        

scholarly journals Contemporary Trends in the Development of the Anti-Corruption Legislation of Republic of Bulgaria

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Krastev ◽  
Blagovesta Koyundzhiyska-Davidkova ◽  
Nadezhda Petkova
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Convention ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In 2000, the global policy against the phenomenon of “corruption“ was launched by the United Nations, and in 2003 the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) was adopted, which Bulgaria ratified three years later. Two months after the adoption of this international convention, Bulgaria became part of the European Union. The accession was accompanied by the creation of “specific accompanying measures” aimed at correcting identified deficiencies in various areas, including measures against corruption. As a result of the annual reports of the European Commission on Bulgaria’s progress on the Co-operation and Verification Mechanism, anti-corruption law-making has begun to develop and improve. Serious progress in this direction is the creation of legislation in the area of “conflict of interest”, which is not exactly corruption but creates prerequisites for its development, especially in the public sphere. The paper presents the result of the analysis of the created anti-corruption legislation after the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria to the EU. Particular attention is paid to the law adopted in 2018 regulating anti-corruption measures, as well as the terms and procedure for the seizure of illegally acquired property for the benefit of the state.

scholarly journals COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE UN AT THE PRESENT STAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
K. S. Loboda
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The United Nations

The article is devoted to the United Nations Organization, which turns 75 this year. The article reveals the cooperation between Ukraine and the UN. Despite the ongoing aggression by the Russian Federation, Ukraine pays special attention to the UN's efforts to maintain international peace and security, considering participation in it as an important factor in its foreign policy. Ukraine is an active participant in the activities of the UN system in the field of human rights, a party to all major UN human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Optional Protocols and the International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. Since March 2014, at the invitation of our state, the UN Monitoring Mission in the field of human rights has been operating in Ukraine, recording the human rights consequences of Russian aggression. Our country receives significant technical, advisory and financial assistance from UN specialized agencies, its funds and programs, in particular, in the areas of democratic governance, poverty alleviation, achieving the National Sustainable Development Goals, supporting public administration, combating HIV / AIDS and other serious diseases, environment. In connection with the above, it should be emphasized that Ukraine, as a founding member of the United Nations, does not stand aside, but actively cooperates with this respected international organization in all areas of its activities. Ukraine remains a supporter of strengthening and increasing the effectiveness of the UN and adapting to modern challenges in the world. Keywords: United Nations Organization, Ukraine, Security Council, human rights, peacekeeping.

scholarly journals Bērna tiesības zināt savu izcelsmi: tiesību apjoms un aktuālie problēmjautājumi

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Olga Šķerberga
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
International Commitments ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Informācija par izcelsmi ir būtiska personas identitātes sastāvdaļa, tā ir viena no bērna pamattiesībām un ietilpst tiesības uz privātās dzīves aizsardzību tvērumā. Bērna tiesības zināt savu izcelsmi, tāpat kā tiesības uzaugt ģimenē vai tiesības tikt uzklausītam, ir viena no pamattiesībām, ko aizsargā starptautiskie akti. Tomēr šīs tiesības īstenošana nacionālajā līmenī pilnībā liegta bērniem, kuri ir adoptēti, dzimuši izmantojot donora dzimumšūnas, un glābējsilītē ievietotiem bērniem. The objective of the article is to analyse problems of legal frameworks of a child’s rights to know its origin in case of adoption, baby boxes and medically assisted fecundation, as well as to put forth amendments in the legislation if discrepancy is ascertained between international commitments of a state and regulation in the national legislation of a child’s rights to know its origin. Implementation of a child’s right to know its origin is analysed, examining the attitude of subjects of international public law – the United Nations and the Council of Europe in supervision of children’s legal interests; performing research of regulatory enactments, recommendations and directions, judgements of courts and comparing legal framework of a child’s rights to know its origin in the Republic of Latvia.

Development of youth diplomacy on the example of modeling international organizations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.N. Popova ◽  
A.I. Potapkina
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
Digital Modeling ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
Modeling Algorithm

The article highlights the importance of the youth movement and international organizations as one of the practical areas of implementation of youth diplomacy. The authors describe the development of the International Youth Model of the UN in the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Special attention is paid to the transformation of the traditional modeling algorithm in the context of the development of digital technologies. The development of a new stage of the youth model movement in the fi eld of international relations — digital modeling of the United Nations-was announced.

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