PROTECTED AREAS IN BRAZIL: EVOLUTION, LAND USE AND COVER, AND IMPACT ON EMISSIONS INVENTORY

Faced with population growth and intensification of the use of natural resources, Protected Areas (PA) and Indigenous Lands (IL) play a fundamental role in environmental conservation. The carbon increment of preserved vegetation within these areas is accounted for as CO2 removal in the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector of the National Emissions Inventory. A topological evaluation of overlaps was made of the databases of PAs (full protection and sustainable use) and ILs, showing that they represent 6% of the protected areas. Of the total of PAs and ILs areas, 43% were established by 1994, 26% by 2002, 26% by 2010, and 4% between 2011 and 2016. This evaluation showed that 30% of the territory is within PAs and ILs. In terms of area, 84% is distributed in the Amazon, 9% in the Cerrado, 4% in the Atlantic Forest, 3% in the Caatinga, 0,2% in the Pantanal, and 0,3% in the Pampa. In assessing the use and cover of 2010 of the PAs and ILs created up to this year, it was possible to notice that 68% of the areas within the PAs have preserved vegetation, whereas in ILs, this percentage increases to 89%. Under the Third Emissions Inventory, the removal of vegetation protected in PAs and ILs decreased by 16% of the national net emissions of the LULUCF sector between 2002 and 2010, showing the importance of preserving forests and grasslands.

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Investigation of Deforestation of Environmental Protection Areas of Madeira River Permanent Preservation Areas in Rondônia Amazon, Brazil

International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development ◽

10.4018/ijsesd.2011100106 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 66-76

Author(s):

Marcelo Rodrigues dos Anjos ◽

Marla Schulz

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Environmental Protection ◽

Soil Degradation ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Environmental Services ◽

Indigenous Lands ◽

Madeira River ◽

Illegal Activities ◽

Areas Of Interest

The deforestation of the Amazon protected areas involves a series of deleterious environmental factors, such as social conflicts, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, deterioration of watersheds, and environmental services offered, that still are not considered in studies of environmental impacts and when studied, are not valued economically or end up being undersized, resulting in loss of economic opportunities associated to the sustainable use of natural resources in areas of interest for conservation. This study had as objective to point out illegal activities in and around the area of special environmental protection (APA) of the Madeira River in Rondonia in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Reference, No. 001/CAO-AMB/MP/2006, with action and support of interagency bodies BPM / PM, SEDAM, SIPAM, INCRA, IBAMA, EMBRAGEO in order to understand the dynamics of deforestation in protected areas and indigenous lands of the state.

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Effectiveness of Arguments Used in the Creation of Protected Areas of Sustainable Use in Brazil: A Case Study from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11061700 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1700 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mariane Roque ◽

José Ferreira Neto ◽

André Faria ◽

Fernanda Ferreira ◽

Thais Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Native Forest ◽

Empirical Reality ◽

The Creation

Studies on the effectiveness of the discourse motivating the creation of protected areas (PAs) and their empirical reality are scarce. The lack of knowledge in this area affects programs and policies on the maintenance and creation of protected areas. Thus, we investigated this matter using the case study of the Nascente Geraizeiras Sustainable Development Reserve (NGSDR) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The reserve comprises a transition area between Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, two critical biomes in the world of biodiversity and the only two hotspots in Brazil. Changes in land use were identified over a period of 30 years, from 1987 to 2017, based on a compilation of the arguments associated with the creation of the PA, geographic information system (GIS) techniques, remote sensing (RS) data, and landscape ecology indices. Seven types of land use were identified using Random Forest classifier R software: native forest, silviculture, pasture, bare soil, rocky outcrop, watercourses, and agriculture. The overall mean accuracy of the classification was 90% for all five periods. The results demonstrated that the creation of protected areas is supported by contexts of land use still based on traditional. The case study showed the discourse served as a fundamental strategy in the beginning of the mobilization that culminated in the creation of the NGSDR, in the containment of forestry, in an increase in native forest areas, and in reduced fragmentation, leading to an improvement in the conservation status of the landscape. The present study encourages future researchers to apply the evaluated approach and demonstrates its potential in assessing the formulation of programs and policies on protected areas worldwide, providing valid indicators for the improvement of ecosystem services.

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Land use and cover change scenarios in the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor-Chiapas, México

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.838 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 221 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diana Ramírez-Mejía ◽

Gabriela Cuevas ◽

Paula Meli ◽

Eduardo Mendoza

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Temperate Forests ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Southern Mexico ◽

Management Actions ◽

Biological Corridor ◽

Mesoamerican Biological Corridor ◽

Land Use And Cover

Background. Human impact over natural ecosystems located in Southern Mexico is increasingly evident. We generated a spatially explicit land use and cover change (LUCC) model to assess current and potential impact of human activities and to identify the influence of variables such as: distance to paved and unpaved roads, human settlements, rivers, slope and protected areas.Study site. Mesoamerican Biological Corridor located in the state of Chiapas (MBC-Ch), Mexico.Methods. We calibrated a model for the period 1993-2002 and ran a simulation for 2007 which we compared against the real 2007 land use and cover map to evaluate model’s performance. We then projected LUCC to 2030 under three different scenarios: 1) Agriculture and Livestock (AGL), 2) Business As Usual (BAU) and, 3) Conservation (CON).Results. Proximity to roads and settlements increased deforestation probabilities whereas the presence of natural protected areas had the opposite effect. The AGL scenario predicted a reduction of 43 % and 41 % in the extent of closed tropical and temperate forests, respectively. In comparison, the BAU scenario predicted a reduction of 19.5 % in the area covered by closed tropical forest and of 30.1 % in temperate forests. The extent of land destined to farming and forestry increased by 22 % and 15 % in the AGL and BAU scenarios, respectively. In contrast, the CON scenario predicted slight changes in the landscape.Conclusions. Our simulations indicate that it is highly probable to see a marked decay in the extent (and likely integrity) of natural habitats in the MBC-Ch region if a comprehensive series of management actions are not urgently implemented.

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Assessing the Most Irreplaceable Protected Areas for the Conservation of Mammals in the Atlantic Forest: Lessons for the Governance of Mosaics

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11113029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3029

Author(s):

Leandro Macedo ◽

Adrian Monjeau ◽

Aline Neves

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Forest Conservation ◽

Common Ground ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Conservation Unit ◽

Conservation Units ◽

Different Types ◽

Full Protection

We have gathered 21,353 records of 40 different medium- and large-sized species of mammals existing in the Atlantic Forest conservation units of Brazil, including full protection and sustainable use types of management. We have classified the conservation units by their irreplaceability in terms of their role in the protection of mammalian species. Most irreplaceable conservation units are concentrated in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, mainly in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná. Our data show that over and above the area of the conservation unit or its type of use, protection of its surroundings appears to be of most consequence. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective mosaic governance mechanisms that include protected areas and different types of land use. However, it is also necessary to establish common ground that allows the coexistence of human economic demands and wildlife preservation.

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Investigation of Deforestation of Environmental Protection Areas of Madeira River Permanent Preservation Areas in Rondônia Amazon, Brazil

Creating a Sustainable Ecology Using Technology-Driven Solutions ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-3613-2.ch023 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 335-343

Author(s):

Marcelo Rodrigues dos Anjos ◽

Marla Schulz

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Environmental Protection ◽

Soil Degradation ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Indigenous Lands ◽

Madeira River ◽

Illegal Activities ◽

Areas Of Interest

The deforestation of the Amazon protected areas involves a series of deleterious environmental factors, such as social conflicts, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, deterioration of watersheds, and environmental services offered, that still are not considered in studies of environmental impacts and when studied, are not valued economically or end up being undersized, resulting in loss of economic opportunities associated to the sustainable use of natural resources in areas of interest for conservation. This study had as objective to point out illegal activities in and around the area of special environmental protection (APA) of the Madeira River in Rondonia in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Reference, No. 001/CAO-AMB/MP/2006, with action and support of interagency bodies BPM/PM, SEDAM, SIPAM, INCRA, IBAMA, EMBRAGEO in order to understand the dynamics of deforestation in protected areas and indigenous lands of the state.

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Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal

Applied Geography ◽

10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.12.006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 687-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 157

Author(s):

Adélia N. Nunes ◽

António C. de Almeida ◽

Celeste O.A. Coelho

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Cover Type ◽

Land Use And Cover

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Identifying Spatiotemporal Patterns in Land Use and Cover Samples from Satellite Image Time Series

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13050974 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 974

Author(s):

Lorena Alves Santos ◽

Karine Ferreira ◽

Michelle Picoli ◽

Gilberto Camara ◽

Raul Zurita-Milla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Land Use ◽

Time Series ◽

Satellite Image ◽

Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽

Supervised Machine Learning ◽

Learning Methods ◽

Self Organizing Maps ◽

Machine Learning Methods ◽

Land Use And Cover

The use of satellite image time series analysis and machine learning methods brings new opportunities and challenges for land use and cover changes (LUCC) mapping over large areas. One of these challenges is the need for samples that properly represent the high variability of land used and cover classes over large areas to train supervised machine learning methods and to produce accurate LUCC maps. This paper addresses this challenge and presents a method to identify spatiotemporal patterns in land use and cover samples to infer subclasses through the phenological and spectral information provided by satellite image time series. The proposed method uses self-organizing maps (SOMs) to reduce the data dimensionality creating primary clusters. From these primary clusters, it uses hierarchical clustering to create subclusters that recognize intra-class variability intrinsic to different regions and periods, mainly in large areas and multiple years. To show how the method works, we use MODIS image time series associated to samples of cropland and pasture classes over the Cerrado biome in Brazil. The results prove that the proposed method is suitable for identifying spatiotemporal patterns in land use and cover samples that can be used to infer subclasses, mainly for crop-types.

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Evaluation of the status of land use/land cover change using remote sensing and GIS in Jewha Watershed, Northeastern Ethiopia

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-021-04498-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Dereje Gebrie Habte ◽

Satishkumar Belliethathan ◽

Tenalem Ayenew

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Land Use ◽

Land Cover ◽

Change Detection ◽

Catchment Area ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Land Use Land Cover ◽

Cultivated Land ◽

Plantation Forest ◽

Bare Land

AbstractEvaluation of land use/land cover (LULC) status of watersheds is vital to environmental management. This study was carried out in Jewha watershed, which is found in the upper Awash River basin of central Ethiopia. The total catchment area is 502 km2. All climatic zones of Ethiopia, including lowland arid (‘Kola’), midland semi-arid (‘Woinadega’), humid highland (Dega) and afro alpine (‘Wurch’) can be found in the watershed. The study focused on LULC classification and change detection using GIS and remote sensing techniques by analyzing satellite images. The data preprocessing and post-process was done using multi-temporal spectral satellite data. The images were used to evaluate the temporal trends of the LULC class by considering the years 1984, 1995, 2005 and 2015. Accuracy assessment and change detection of the classification were undertaken by accounting these four years images. The land use types in the study area were categorized into six classes: natural forest, plantation forest, cultivated land, shrub land, grass land and bare land. The result shows the cover classes which has high environmental role such as forest and shrub has decreased dramatically through time with cultivated land increasing during the same period in the watershed. The forest cover in 1984 was about 6.5% of the total catchment area, and it had decreased to 4.2% in 2015. In contrast, cultivated land increased from 38.7% in 1984 to 51% in 2015. Shrub land decreased from 28 to 18% in the same period. Bare land increased due to high gully formation in the catchment. In 1984, it was 1.8% which turned to 0.6% in 1995 then increased in 2015 to 2.7%. Plantation forest was not detected in 1984. In 1995, it covers 1.5% which turned to be the same in 2015. The study clearly demonstrated that there are significant changes of land use and land cover in the catchment. The findings will allow making informed decision which will allow better land use management and environmental conservation interventions.

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CONTRIBUIÇÕES DAS ÁREAS MARINHAS PROTEGIDAS PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO E A GESTÃO DO AMBIENTE MARINHO

Raega - O Espaço Geográfico em Análise ◽

10.5380/raega.v7i0.3351 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Jérôme FOURNIER ◽

Andrea De CASTRO PANIZZA

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Environmental Protection ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Economic Value ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

The Third ◽

Conservation And Management ◽

Reserve Effect

Este artigo apresenta os diferentes aspectos da proteção do ambiente litorâneo abordando três pontos essenciais. O primeiro evoca a instalação de áreas marinhas protegidas (AMP) em um contexto socioeconômico e político, destacando seu funcionamento e a noção de efeito reserva. O segundo mostra a importância das AMP na proteção da biodiversidade marinha. Finalmente, o terceiro ponto exemplifica a avaliação do meio natural e aborda, de maneira geral, o valor econômico das espécies e da Natureza na ocorrência de degradação. Contributions of the marine protected areas for the conservation and management of the marine environment Abstract This article presents the various aspects of the littoral environmental protection by approaching three important points. The first evokes the installation of the marine surfaces protected in a socio-economic and political context. The operation of the reserves and the concept of reserve effect are explained. The second explains the interest of MPA to protect the marine biodiversity. Lastly, the third point shows the evaluation of the natural environment and more generally of the economic value of the species and Nature in the event of degradation.

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Restricting spatial lives? The gendered implications of conservation in Cambodia’s protected wetlands

Environment and Planning E Nature and Space ◽

10.1177/2514848619827736 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 73-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicola Perry ◽

Josephine Gillespie

Keyword(s):

Political Ecology ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Feminist Political Ecology ◽

Geographic Thought ◽

Legal Geography ◽

Environmental Interactions ◽

Tonle Sap ◽

Gendered Roles

Environmental conservation through the creation of protected areas is recognised as a key tactic in the fight against degrading ecosystems worldwide. Understanding the implications of protected area regimes on both places and people is an important part of the protection agenda. In this context and in this paper, we build on the work of feminist legal geographers and feminist political ecologists to enhance our understanding of the constitution of localised socio-legal-environmental interactions in and around protected areas. Our approach looks to developments in feminist and legal geographic thought to examine the interactions between identities, law and the environment in a Ramsar protected wetland on the Tonle Sap, Cambodia. We bring together legal geography perspectives regarding the spatiality of law with insights from feminist political ecology examining gendered roles and exclusions. We found that conservation areas interact in complex ways with local pre-existing norms prescribing female weakness and vulnerability which, ultimately, restrict women’s spatial lives.

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