PATTERN OF SCHOOL ABSENTEEISM IN SOME SELECTED COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
School Absenteeism ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Multiple Indicator

School absenteeism is treated as a barrier towards quality education. It is related to school dropout, depression, anxiety and academic performance. This study uses Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey dataset to analyze the pattern of school absenteeism in five lower middle-income countries: Bangladesh, Djibouti, Nigeria, Ukraine and Vietnam. Primary and secondary level students are considered in this study. Authors accomplish descriptive analyses to trace out the pattern of school absenteeism. This study finds that nearly one-third students in Bangladesh, about half of the students in Djibouti and more than half students in Vietnam missed at least one instructional day in a week. Additionally, more than 80 percent students in Nigeria and Ukraine missed one instructional day in a week. This study reveals that age and wealth status are negatively related to school absenteeism. Furthermore, it is evident that tendency of school absenteeism is higher among rural and primary level students. Thus, this study suggests for providing conditional cash transfer among primary level students and specific incentive for rural students to address the problem of absenteeism.

scholarly journals Effects of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and other Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programs of Low and Middle – Income Countries on Human Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11
Author(s):  
Ronald Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Despite the economic growth experienced by the Philippines in the recent years in terms of high GDP, poverty in the country still prevails. Prevalence of many poor families and individuals in the country prompted the Philippine government to implement the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Bridging Program for the Filipino Family) also known as 4Ps, the country’s conditional cash transfer (CCT) program that aims to provide conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor. This paper aims to examine the effect of 4Ps on the country’s Human Development Index (HDI). It also seeks to find out if conditional cash transfer program provides significant effect on the HDIs of low and middle-income countries worldwide. The mean Human Development Index (HDI) of the Philippines before and throughout the implementation of 4Ps was compared. The difference between the HDIs of selected countries (low and middle-income) implementing and non-implementing the conditional cash transfer programs was determined. The findings of this study show that the Philippines has a significantly higher mean HDI during the implementation of 4Ps since 2008 to 2018 compared to its years when there was no 4Ps. The results further indicate that low and middle–income countries with CCT programs have significantly higher HDIs in comparison to their counterparts. A thorough evaluation of the CCT programs in terms of issues such as dependency and reviewing the conditionalities of the program to provide more significant and promising effect on HDI needs to be undertaken. Keywords: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), conditional cash transfer (CCT), Human Development Index (HDI)  

scholarly journals Overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Mali: what are the determinants?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Ebenezer Agbaglo ◽  
Albert Apotele Nyaaba
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Region Of Residence ◽  
Public Health Promotion

Abstract Background Existing evidence suggests that there has been a surge of overweight and obesity in low- and middle-income countries around the world. In this study we investigated the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among women in Mali. Methods We conducted the study among 5198 women using the 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey data. We used binary logistic regression for the analysis and pegged statistical significance at p<0.05. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 26.9%. The likelihood of overweight and obesity was high among women 40–44 y of age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.94 [confidence interval {CI} 4.10 to 8.60]), those who were widowed/divorced/separated (AOR 1.59 [CI 1.04 to 2.43]), those with secondary education (AOR 1.41 [CI 1.13 to 1.75]), richest women (AOR 3.61 [CI 2.63 to 4.95]), those who watched television at least once a week (AOR 1.28 [CI 1.07 to 1.52]) and those who lived in the Kidal region (AOR 10.71 [CI 7.05 to 16.25]). Conversely, the likelihood of overweight and obesity was low among women who belonged to other religions compared with Muslims (AOR 0.63 [CI 0.43 to 0.92]). Conclusions This study found a predominance of overweight and obesity among women in Mali. The study showed that age, marital status, education, religion, region of residence, wealth status and frequency of watching television are associated with overweight and obesity among women in Mali. It is therefore critical for public health promotion programs in Mali to sensitize people to the negative effects associated with overweight and obesity. This implies that policies aimed at controlling overweight and obesity in Mali must take these factors into consideration.

The Impact of Cash Transfers: A Review of the Evidence from Low- and Middle-income Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (03) ◽  
pp. 569-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCESCA BASTAGLI ◽  
JESSICA HAGEN-ZANKER ◽  
LUKE HARMAN ◽  
VALENTINA BARCA ◽  
GEORGINA STURGE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractThis article presents the findings of a review of the impact of non-contributory cash transfers on individuals and households in low- and middle-income countries, covering the literature of 15 years, from 2000 to 2015. Based on evidence extracted from 165 studies, retrieved through a systematic search and screening process, this article discusses the impact of cash transfers on 35 indicators covering six outcome areas: monetary poverty; education; health and nutrition; savings, investment and production; work; and empowerment. For most of the studies, cash transfers contributed to progress in the selected indicators in the direction intended by policymakers. Despite variations in the size and strength of the underlying evidence base by outcome and indicator, this finding is consistent across all outcome areas. The article also investigates unintended effects of cash transfer receipt, such as potential reductions in adult work effort and increased fertility, finding limited evidence for such unintended effects. Finally, the article highlights gaps in the evidence base and areas which would benefit from additional future research.

scholarly journals Systematic review of the costs and effectiveness of interventions to increase infant vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Munk ◽  
Allison Portnoy ◽  
Christian Suharlim ◽  
Emma Clarke-Deelder ◽  
Logan Brenzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Health Systems Strengthening ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background In recent years, several large studies have assessed the costs of national infant immunization programs, and the results of these studies are used to support planning and budgeting in low- and middle-income countries. However, few studies have addressed the costs and cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve immunization coverage, despite this being a major focus of policy attention. Without this information, countries and international stakeholders have little objective evidence on the efficiency of competing interventions for improving coverage. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review on the costs and cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries, including both published and unpublished reports. We evaluated the quality of included studies and extracted data on costs and incremental coverage. Where possible, we calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) to describe the efficiency of each intervention in increasing coverage. Results A total of 14 out of 41 full text articles reviewed met criteria for inclusion in the final review. Interventions for increasing immunization coverage included demand generation, modified delivery approaches, cash transfer programs, health systems strengthening, and novel technology usage. We observed substantial heterogeneity in costing methods and incompleteness of cost and coverage reporting. Most studies reported increases in coverage following the interventions, with coverage increasing by an average of 23 percentage points post-intervention across studies. ICERs ranged from $0.66 to $161.95 per child vaccinated in 2017 USD. We did not conduct a meta-analysis given the small number of estimates and variety of interventions included. Conclusions There is little quantitative evidence on the costs and cost-effectiveness of interventions for improving immunization coverage, despite this being a major objective for national immunization programs. Efforts to improve the level of costing evidence—such as by integrating cost analysis within implementation studies and trials of immunization scale up—could allow programs to better allocate resources for coverage improvement. Greater adoption of standardized cost reporting methods would also enable the synthesis and use of cost data.

scholarly journals The Latin American and Nigerian Conditional Cash Transfer Experience: A Comparative Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ikenna Samuel Umezurike ◽  
Ibraheem Salisu Adam
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Capital Development

Despite the recent economic growth in Nigeria, poverty remains a social problem. One of the strategies employed by the Nigerian government and some development partners towards solving this problem is the deployment of social protection instruments, such as Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs), which aim at stemming the tide of poverty and vulnerability. This study uses the secondary research method to examine the extent to which the Latin American CCT model influenced the design and operation of the Nigerian CCT programme. The policy diffusion model adopted for the study posits that the success of CCT programmes in Latin America has stimulated its extension to many developing countries outside the region. The findings from the review of selected literature explain the rationale for CCTs as short-term poverty reduction and long-term human capital development. Admittedly, a nexus exists between the Latin American and Nigerian strategies. Yet the study concludes that the Latin American model cannot adequately serve as a blueprint for the Nigeria strategy, given that underlying conditions in upper middle-income Latin American countries are clearly different from those present in low income or lower middle-income African countries like Nigeria. The study recommends urgent implementation of the National Social Protection Policy; a review of the current CCT programme in Nigeria every two years and extensive research into social protection strategies.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequities in the health and nutrition of children in low/middle income countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando C Barros ◽  
Cesar G Victora ◽  
Robert Scherpbier ◽  
Davidson Gwatkin
Keyword(s):  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Use Of Services ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of social inequities on the health and nutrition of children in low and middle income countries. METHODS: We reviewed existing data on socioeconomic disparities within-countries relative to the use of services, nutritional status, morbidity, and mortality. A conceptual framework including five major hierarchical categories affecting inequities was adopted: socioeconomic context and position, differential exposure, differential vulnerability, differential health outcomes, and differential consequences. The search of the PubMed database since 1990 identified 244 articles related to the theme. Results were also analyzed from almost 100 recent national surveys, including Demographic Health Surveys and the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. RESULTS: Children from poor families are more likely, relative to those from better-off families, to be exposed to pathogenic agents; once they are exposed, they are more likely to become ill because of their lower resistance and lower coverage with preventive interventions. Once they become ill, they are less likely to have access to health services and the quality of these services is likely to be lower, with less access to life-saving treatments. As a consequence, children from poor family have higher mortality rates and are more likely to be undernourished. CONCLUSIONS: Except for child obesity and inadequate breastfeeding practices, all the other adverse conditions analyzed were more prevalent in children from less well-off families. Careful documentation of the multiple levels of determination of socioeconomic inequities in child health is essential for understanding the nature of this problem and for establishing interventions that can reduce these differences.

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