The Democratic Solution to Ethnic Pluralism

1999 ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Beth J. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Stable Solution ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
Ethnic Pluralism ◽  
Ethnic Nation

This chapter argues not only that minority rights are compatible with political unity, but also that they are a means to and a necessary condition of that unity. There is an obvious defense of this thesis: minorities who are denied rights will fight for them, and the result will be turmoil in the wider society. The only stable solution to any conflict among communities, including ethnic conflicts, lies in the establishment among the warring parties of an inclusive community of dialogic reciprocity: a community in which each is accepted as an authoritative and autonomous member, equally respected by all as a participant in determining the policies and principles by which the inclusive community is to be governed, both internally and in its relations with yet other communities. It is this ideal of unity-in-multiplicity that the author proposes as applicable to a multi-ethnic nation.

scholarly journals Democratic order and ethnic minority rights: the weaknesses of the Finnish and Turkish democracies

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Adél Furu
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Democratic Experience ◽  
Consolidated Democracy

This paper raises important questions about the nature of governance in Finland with a view to the difficulties of the Sámi minority, and in the same time in this study we present our comparative approach to investigate how Finland and Turkey are able to solve internal ethnic conflicts related to their national minorities. The article provides a comparative analysis of the democratic order in a consolidated democracy (Finland) and in a weak democracy (Turkey). The democratic experience of these countries is of reasonable importance, as a considerable number of countries worldwide are at various stages during the democratic experiment. This study outlines the role of democratic order in conflict prevention in these two states.

Including Minority Rights in Peace Agreements: A Benefit or Obstacle to Peace Processes after Ethnic Conflicts?

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Kempin Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Peace Agreements

Dealing effectively and efficiently with minorities and minority problems in the aftermath of ethnic conflict is central to durable and stable peace. The inclusion of minority rights in peace agreements is seen as a mandatory step in the resolution of the conflict and political stability. While references to human rights and minority rights are common, it is the implementation process that often lacks clarity and thoroughness. On the basis of three case studies, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Kosovo, this study examines how human rights and minority rights provisions are put into practice and how they impact the peace process. Findings suggest that the inclusion of minority rights is only beneficial in cases in which relevant institutions and adequate political and civil society support were established to implement the provisions. Formal reference to ethnic problems or minority rights is not sufficient.

The Fall of the Iron Curtain and Its Significance for the Establishment of Minority Rights Regimes in Eastern Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Alan Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Human Dimension ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Democratic Change ◽  
Collapse Of Communism

This article examines the development of minority rights regimes in Europe following the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. It shows how the foundations for democracy were reinforced by the Helsinki Final Act in 1975 and the opportunities it created for dialogue. The major concerns of many states to prevent irredentism and violent inter-ethnic conflicts provided the opportunity to adopt international standards on the protection and promotion of minority rights. Civil society, including members of minorities, were in the vanguard, as they promoted democratic change in 1989 and played a leading role in influencing minority rights standards and their implementation. The Conclusions of the 1990 csce Copenhagen Human Dimension influenced the undm, formed the backbone of the fcnm, and became an invaluable set of standards used by the hcnm for conflict prevention. Twenty-five years later, it is evident the fall of the Iron Curtain was highly significant for minority rights regimes throughout Europe.

The Origins of Ethnic Pluralism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
Ethnic Pluralism ◽  
French Case ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the origins of ethnic pluralism. Most countries have populations with multiple and opposing ethnic consciousness, and such ethnic pluralism is a necessary condition for ethnic violence. In order to explain ethnic violence, one must therefore consider why only some places turned out like France—a country that has been successful at popularizing a common national consciousness. To help explain the French case, the chapter compares the nation-building processes in France, Spain, and the UK in the context of unity and disunity. It also discusses the interrelationships among path dependence, situationalism, and ethnic consciousness before assessing ethnic pluralism in large empires such as the Ottoman Empire and the former Soviet Union. Finally, it explores the role of overseas colonialism and missionaries in promoting ethnic diversity by focusing on Rwanda, Burundi, and Burma.

The Legitimacy of Minorities' Claim for Autonomy through the Right to Self-Determination

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
Nation States ◽  
State Practice ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe grant of autonomous powers to minorities is considered as a threat to the stability of the nation-State system. Nonetheless, many academics and jurists now believe that autonomy can be used to reduce ethnic conflicts, provided that parties to such arrangements are willing to implement them in good faith. In contemporary debate amongst academics it is frequently argued that there is an apparent link between minorities' rights and autonomy. Moreover, some minority rights campaigners stress that minorities' right to autonomy emanates from the right to self-determination. Such claims are, however, contested by most nation-States on the ground that autonomy is not a right in international law. It is only a small number of States that are prepared to experiment with autonomous arrangements to address minorities' concerns within their constitutional structure. Whilst investigating the current developments in United Nations and State practice with regard to autonomy, this article critically analyses whether autonomy gains its legitimacy through the right to self-determination and the extent to which autonomy is being evolved as an integral part of the internal right to self-determination.

Development and Institutionalisation of Romani Representation and Administration. Part 1

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Klímová-Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
Multicultural States

The post-1989 rise of ethnic conflicts in the former Eastern Bloc have led to the renewed salience of minority rights and their prominence in international relations. The 1990s witnessed a proliferation of legal instruments and offices dedicated to minority rights at the intergovernmental level (mainly within the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Council of Europe, but also the United Nations). After decades of arguing that rights of persons belonging to national, ethnic or religious minorities can be sufficiently ensured within the framework of universal human rights, attributed to individuals regardless of group membership, liberal political theorists (most notably Will Kymlicka) have started to advocate the need to supplement these traditional human rights with minority rights (meaning certain group-differentiated rights or “special status” for minority cultures) in order to ensure justice in multicultural states.

scholarly journals Àsùwàda Principle and Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yunusa Kehinde Salami
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Human Group ◽  
Ethnic Pluralism ◽  
Individual Human

This paper examines the àsùwàdà principle as an indigenous social theory, which is based on alásùwàdà, a body of doctrines according to which the creator of human beings and everything in nature, dá (created) individual human beings as à-sù-wà (beings who can only live successfully as part of a human group with a purpose). By establishing a teleological or purposeful unity and interconnectedness among all human beings, the àsùwàdà principle suggests that all human beings are created to be gregarious in nature and enjoy the best ìwà (existence or character) when they sù-wà (live in group). This paper interrogates the àsùwàdà principle in relation to the problem of ethnic conflicts in Nigeria. The paper concludes that if as human beings, we are dá (created) to be àsùwà, then, with the complementary ideas of alájọbí, alájọgbé, and ìfọgbọ́ntáyéṣe, ethnic pluralism should not necessarily lead to ethnic antagonism or conflict.

The Infancy of Solar-Type Stars and its Relevance for the Origin of Life

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 267-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Montmerle
Keyword(s):  
Main Sequence ◽  
Solar Nebula ◽  
Circumstellar Disks ◽  
T Tauri Stars ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
T Tauri ◽  
Solar Type ◽  
Optical Domain ◽  
The Origin Of Life

AbstractFor life to develop, planets are a necessary condition. Likewise, for planets to form, stars must be surrounded by circumstellar disks, at least some time during their pre-main sequence evolution. Much progress has been made recently in the study of young solar-like stars. In the optical domain, these stars are known as «T Tauri stars». A significant number show IR excess, and other phenomena indirectly suggesting the presence of circumstellar disks. The current wisdom is that there is an evolutionary sequence from protostars to T Tauri stars. This sequence is characterized by the initial presence of disks, with lifetimes ~ 1-10 Myr after the intial collapse of a dense envelope having given birth to a star. While they are present, about 30% of the disks have masses larger than the minimum solar nebula. Their disappearance may correspond to the growth of dust grains, followed by planetesimal and planet formation, but this is not yet demonstrated.

Universal ESEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 786-787
Author(s):  
G.D. Danilatos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Small Gain ◽  
Detection Medium ◽  
Scanning Electron

The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) has evolved as the natural extension of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), both historically and technologically. ESEM allows the introduction of a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber, whereas SEM operates in vacuum. One of the detection systems in ESEM, namely, the gaseous detection device (GDD) is based on the presence of gas as a detection medium. This might be interpreted as a necessary condition for the ESEM to remain operational and, hence, one might have to change instruments for operation at low or high vacuum. Initially, we may maintain the presence of a conventional secondary electron (E-T) detector in a "stand-by" position to switch on when the vacuum becomes satisfactory for its operation. However, the "rough" or "low vacuum" range of pressure may still be considered as inaccessible by both the GDD and the E-T detector, because the former has presumably very small gain and the latter still breaks down.

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