Superróżnorodność w warunkach kryzysu i transformacji społecznej: od przedsiębiorczości migrantów do superróżnorodnej przedsiębiorczości

Intensive mobility of the recent decades has brought a new level of social diversity, defined as superdiversity (Vertovec 2007). The article analyzes the existing theoretical approaches to this phenomenon, and debates the usefulness of the concept in research about migrant and minority entrepreneurship. The context of pandemic and migration brings new challenges for entrepreneurship, as well as for migrations and superdiversity. Examining the significance of superdiversity and entrepreneurship in the times of pandemic and crisis, the article refers to three interrelated questions: (1) how the notion of migrant is socially constructed; (2) how the global migration regimes and multicultural states are connected to the contemporary capitalism; (3) how entrepreneurship can evolve and shape the new economic models. The social change connected with the growing diversifi cation of businesses and self-employment amongst minorities should be reflected in modified academic notions, and the adequate notion appears to be superdiverse entrepreneurship. It does justice to the growing diversification of societies (including their cultural and ethnical differentiation), and at the same time it does not treat the migrant status as the most significant dimension of diversification. Moreover, the article argues that a response to crisis can be either deepening the precarity, or ethical innovations. Ingenuity, resilience, and resourcefulness associated with entrepreneurs and also migrants are the traits which become increasingly signifi cant during economic deadlocks and other problems. As a rule, crises highlight the necessity to verify the existing economic models. In order to transform them, one needs creativity and innovation, which are often perceived as the very core of entrepreneurship.

The Path to Black Citizenship in Peru: Ethno-Racial Legislation and the Political Recognition of Afro-Descendants in the Country

The formulation of legislation aimed at promoting and protecting the rights of racial and ethnic minorities in Latin America is a phenomenon that only became prevalent in the late 20th century. In fact, it was not until the end of the 1980s that a number of countries in the region began the process of constructing Black citizenship and providing Black people citizenship rights. During this period, deemed “multicultural constitutionalism,” some Latin American countries began to identify as multicultural states and/or included Black and Afro-descendant populations in their constitutional texts. The second stage of this process continued between 1990 and 2000, wherein some countries adopted a number of policies to address and eradicate racial inequality. Through these political choices, the adopting countries moved away from a structure of color-blind legalism and toward the official recognition of Indigenous and Black peoples’ collective rights. In Peru, although the political constitution was not amended, a robust body of ethno-racial legislation was introduced after the year 2000, demarking a structural shift in the country’s racial politics. This normative integration included the development of a number of national institutions and the promulgation of political measures promoting the advancement of Afro-descendants and other ethnic minorities. This integration process also led to the revision of existing legislation on racism and racial discrimination. By enacting this process, Peru committed to developing a process that would recognize Black citizenship in the country—one that began with the recognition of the political subjectivity of Black Peruvians and the creation of institutions for their social and political advancement.

Constitutional and Administrative Law Models for the Public Holidays’ Regulation in Multicultural States // Ustavnopravni i upravnopravni modeli uređivanja javnih praznika u multikulturnim državama

In this paper, the authors, inspired by the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, analyse public holidays in states where multiculturalism has an impact on the complex state structure and on the form of political order. A particular focus is on holidays that are in function of nation-building through the commemoration of the events that are important for the founding of the state and / or the respective political-territorial unit and / or are of the historic importance to the majority, specifically the main ethnic group in the state and / or in the relevant political-territorial unit and on the issues of non-discrimination and the protection of group rights and multiculturalism. The conclusion is that such holidays, even when they have a completely opposite historical connotation, are not considered to be discriminatory.

Tomes! Enhancing Community and Embracing Diversity Through Book Arts

This article highlights important connections between the spoken word, handmade paper, cultural memory and natural sustenance -- in books and in artworks. Two projects were brought together for an exhibition, which serves as an innovative response to the call for multiculturalism, inclusion, and equity at an educational institution in one of the most multilingual and multicultural states in the U.S. Any organization which mounts an exhibition runs the risk of assuming they know what visitors want to see, or ought to see, and how they might choose to experience the works displayed. This exhibit is an attempt to subvert that tendency and extend the continuum of authority, offering visitors multiple modes for leaving their mark on the exhibit. Preliminary comments demonstrate how performative and tactile object-based inquiry leads to transformative learning. How do communities interact with and describe materials whose intent is to push what comfortably translates between English and Spanish? How can we collaborate to provide better access to collections that represent their families, communities, or traditions? What sorts of differences are observed between the ways people handle and describe unique objects if they are not instructed first? The exhibit continues to evolve according to community feedback. This article discusses one approach to collaboration as an effective tool for breaking down barriers to traditional authority and hierarchies.

TO A QUESTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NATURE OF CIVIC IDENTITY AND ITS DYNAMIC

In the article analyzed psychological nature of the phenomenon of civic identity, refined its essence in comparison of ethnic, national, territorial, language, civilization identities. In contradistinction to ethnic, territorial identities (defined as primary, «sociobiological») civic identity behove to political-cultural identities. Civic identity is identification with human citizen of the state and with a member of the community, which is a consorcium – association of people with common distany. Motivational-value connections with the State and citizens based on the typicality problems of social self-realization of personality in organizational space of state. Social conditions of self-realization, given in organizational state space, unite people on the basis of joint, are in axiological space of state. This civic identity differs from close to her national identity focused more on national culture and traditions and national interests in politics. In multicultural states civic identity plays a unifying role than national identity. Because in modern Ukraine are ongoing processes of state formation, civic identity of its inhabitants is in intensive dynamics. In particular, in addition to Ukrainian civil identity should assume the existence of Soviet civic identity (in rudimentary forms), Russian, European, cosmopolitan and uncertain identitys. The dynamics of civic identity is a transformation of the hierarchical ties with other kinds of social and political identities, and changes in the content of civic identity.

INDUCED MONOCULTURE IN AXELROD MODEL WITH CLEVER MASS MEDIA

A new model is proposed, in the context of Axelrod's model for the study of cultural dissemination, to include an external vector field (VF) which describes the effects of mass media on social systems. The VF acts over the whole system and it is characterized by two parameters: a nonnull overlap with each agent in the society and a confidence value of its information. Beyond a threshold value of the confidence, there is induced monocultural globalization of the system lined up with the VF. Below this value, the multicultural states are unstable and certain homogenization of the system is obtained in opposite line up according to that we have called negative publicity effect. Three regimes of behavior for the spread process of the VF information as a function of time are reported.