The Financial Universe (After Meillassoux)

Author(s):  
Arne De Boever

Chapter Four draws from the work of financial journalists Scott Patterson, Michael Lewis (a former “big swinging dick” at Salomon Brothers), and scholar Frank Pasquale to think the reality of today’s economy, which is frequently characterized as a “universe”, with phenomena analogous to black holes or also the Big Bang. Not directly observable, such phenomena are known only through the study of their effects; we know those phenomena are real because their effects are real. Our knowledge of market crashes today operates in the same way, thus giving new meaning to the phrase coined by Michael Lewis and popularized by Tom Wolfe in his description of the fabled bondsman Sherman McCoy: “master of the universe” (emphasis added). The chapter brings this thought of the financial universe in dialogue with the philosophical work of Quentin Meillassoux, who proposed a speculative realism to think the kind of reality that scientists can access when they think, for example, the Big Bang.

Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k1(EC) = kdd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k2(EC) = knn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.


Author(s):  
F. Melia ◽  
T. M. McClintock

The recent discovery of the ultraluminous quasar SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 at redshift 6.3 has exacerbated the time compression problem implied by the appearance of supermassive black holes only approximately 900 Myr after the big bang, and only approximately 500 Myr beyond the formation of Pop II and III stars. Aside from heralding the onset of cosmic re-ionization, these first and second generation stars could have reasonably produced the approximately 5–20  M ⊙ seeds that eventually grew into z approximately 6–7 quasars. But this process would have taken approximately 900 Myr, a timeline that appears to be at odds with the predictions of Λ CDM without an anomalously high accretion rate, or some exotic creation of approximately 10 5   M ⊙ seeds. There is no evidence of either of these happening in the local Universe. In this paper, we show that a much simpler, more elegant solution to the supermassive black hole anomaly is instead to view this process using the age–redshift relation predicted by the R h = ct Universe, an Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmology with zero active mass. In this context, cosmic re-ionization lasted from t approximately 883 Myr to approximately 2 Gyr ( 6 ≲ z ≲ 15 ), so approximately 5–20  M ⊙ black hole seeds formed shortly after re-ionization had begun, would have evolved into approximately 10 10   M ⊙ quasars by z approximately 6–7 simply via the standard Eddington-limited accretion rate. The consistency of these observations with the age–redshift relationship predicted by R h = ct supports the existence of dark energy; but not in the form of a cosmological constant.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  

Recent observations show that there are many more and much older black holes than previously known. What is particularly puzzling is that supermassive black holes containing more than a billion solar masses already existed in the very early universe. To date, there is no conclusive explanation for how such gravity monsters could have been created in such a short time after the Big Bang. The "Cosmic Time Hypothesis (CTH)" offers a solution to this problem [1]. According to this hypothesis, the early universe had much more time at its disposal than according to the "present-time scale" and the material-condensing forces were much stronger than now. Therefore, objects with extremely large masses could form in a very short "today-time".


Recent observations show that there are many more and much older black holes than previously known. What is particularly puzzling is that supermassive black holes containing more than a billion solar masses already existed in the very early universe. To date, there is no conclusive explanation for how such gravity monsters could have been created in such a short time after the Big Bang. The “Cosmic Time Hypothesis (CTH)” offers a solution to this problem [1]. According to this hypothesis, the early universe had much more time at its disposal than according to the “present-time scale” and the material-condensing forces were much stronger than now. Therefore, objects with extremely large masses could form in a very short “todaytime”.


Author(s):  
John W. Moffat

Civita criticized Einstein’s papers on gravitational waves: their energy momentum is frame dependent and therefore does not fit the covariance of Einstein’s gravity theory. Infeld and Rosen did not believe gravitational waves existed, and Einstein changed his mind on their existence repeatedly. Others did believe in them, such as Fock and Feynman. Weber constructed his “Weber bar” to detect gravitational waves, but when he claimed success, he was criticized. He then proposed using a Michelson-Morley type of interferometer with lasers to detect gravitational waves, as did Weiss. Merging black holes and neutron stars were proposed as detectable sources of gravitational waves. Taylor and Hulse, using the large Arecibo radio telescope, indirectly detected gravitational waves from inspiraling neutron stars. Primordial gravitational waves, still emanating from the Big Bang, were claimed to have been detected by BICEP2, but the waves were eventually shown to be a result of foreground dust.


2015 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 467-483
Author(s):  
Donald Lynden-Bell

Wallace Sargent was an astronomer who used large telescopes to great effect. He concentrated on outstanding problems concerning both the origin of the elements and the cosmological evolution of primordial gas clouds. Despite a mainly theoretical education he became an expert spectroscopist and this enabled him to demonstrate that most helium was not formed in stars but was primordial, formed in the Big Bang. This helped to determine the photon : baryon ratio that emerged from it. He played a significant part in the search for the supermassive black holes that were predicted to be in the centres of many galaxies, as is now established. He is most famous for his systematic work with Alec Boksenberg FRS on the intervening hydrogen clouds seen in absorption in the spectra of distant quasars. From their work it appears that most of the 4% of the Universe (by mass) that is now considered to be in normal atoms or ions has indeed been detected, although it is seen at considerable look-back times.


Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 296 (5572) ◽  
pp. 1427-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tegmark
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 1750024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Cristinel Stoica

In this article, the degenerate warped products of singular semi-Riemannian manifolds are studied. They were used recently by the author to handle singularities occurring in General Relativity, in black holes and at the big-bang. One main result presented here is that a degenerate warped product of semi-regular semi-Riemannian manifolds with the warping function satisfying a certain condition is a semi-regular semi-Riemannian manifold. The connection and the Riemann curvature of the warped product are expressed in terms of those of the factor manifolds. Examples of singular semi-Riemannian manifolds which are semi-regular are constructed as warped products. Applications include cosmological models and black holes solutions with semi-regular singularities. Such singularities are compatible with a certain reformulation of the Einstein equation, which in addition holds at semi-regular singularities too.


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