First Report of Soybean Dwarf Virus on Soybean(Glycine max) in Korea

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV, genus Luteovirus) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus able to infect several legume species. SbDV was first reported in Japan where it was associated with significant yield losses in soybean (Tamada, 1969). Since then the virus has been detected worldwide. In Europe, the virus has only been reported from Germany (Abraham et al. 2007; Gaafar et al. 2020). In July 2018, several white clover plants (Trifolium repens L.) with leaf discoloration were observed in different locations in Oulu region in northern Finland. Individual plants were collected and analysed for the presence of viruses using small-RNA (sRNA) sequencing (Kreuze et. al. 2009) and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Total RNA was extracted using EZNA micro RNA kit (Omega Bio-Tek, GA, USA). For sRNA analysis, sequencing libraries were constructed using the TruSeq small RNA library prep kit (Illumina, CA, USA) and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq platform. On average, 1.3 million single-end reads were obtained per sample, of which 27% were 18-25 nt long and used for the subsequent analysis. Contig assembly and virus identification with VirusDetect software (Zheng et al. 2017) detected SbDV in five out of six white clover samples analysed. Depending on the sample, 26-39 contigs (with lengths up to 301-469 nt) aligned to complete genome of a SbDV isolate previously described from white clover in USA (accession no. JN674402). The cumulative alignment coverage ranged from 35.5 % to 65.3 % with nucleotide identities between 94.4 % and 97.3 %. Additionally, two samples seemed to contain an unidentified closterovirus and one contained White clover cryptic virus 2. No additional viruses were detected from two of the samples.To confirm the presence of SbDV, the samples were tested by RT-PCR using primers MDF, MYF and MUR in multiplex (Schneider et al. 2011) together with SuperScript III One-Step RT-PCR System with the Platinum Taq DNA polymerase kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), essentially as instructed by the manufacturer. RT-PCR product of approximately 400 bp was produced from each of the five samples previously tested SbDV positive by sRNA analysis. No products were produced from the sample that was SbDV negative in sRNA analysis. Direct sequencing of two of the PCR products produced 347 and 361 bp sequences (GenBank: MZ355392 and MW929169) that were 95.7 % and 95.2 % identical, respectively, to a SbDV isolate (accession no. AB038148) that causes yellowing on soybean and is transmitted by Acyrthosiphon pisum (Terauchi et al. 2003). To our knowledge this is the first report of SbDV in Finland. SbDV is transmitted only by aphids (neither mechanical nor seed transmission occurs). In siRNA analysis all the isolates from Finland formed contigs that aligned almost perfectly (100 % coverage with ≥ 99 % nucleotide identity) to the coat protein (accession no. EF466131) of an SbDV isolate transmittable from white clover to faba bean by A. pisum (Abraham et al. 2007), an aphid common in Finland. Although significant yield losses by SbDV have only been reported on soybean (Tamada, 1969), the virus also causes symptoms in other legume crops, such as growth reduction on pea (Tian et al. 2017) and faba bean (Abraham et al. 2007), both of which are cultivated in Finland. References: Abraham et al. 2007. Plant Dis. 91: 1059. Gaafar et al. 2020. Front microbiol. 11: 583242. Kreuze et al. 2009. Virology 388:1. Schneider et al. 2011. Virology 412: 46. Tamada. 1969. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn. 35: 282. Terauchi et al. 2003. Phytopathology 93: 1560. Tian et al. 2017. Viruses 9: 155. Zheng et al. 2017. Virology 500: 130.

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First Report of Soybean dwarf virus in Soybean in Northern Illinois

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-12-1686b ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (12) ◽

pp. 1686-1686 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. Thekkeveetil ◽

H. A. Hobbs ◽

Y. Wang ◽

D. Kridelbaugh ◽

J. Donnelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

The United States ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

First Report ◽

Qrt Pcr ◽

Sampling Protocols ◽

Soybean Leaf ◽

Soybean Dwarf Virus

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), a member of the Luteoviridae, is transmitted persistently by colonizing aphids and causes significant yield losses in soybean (Glycine max L.) in Japan. In the United States, SbDV is endemic in red and white clover (Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L.) (1,3). Even so, SbDV has been detected in soybean only in Virginia (2) and Wisconsin (4). A study conducted in Illinois during 2001 and 2002 detected SbDV in clover but not soybean (3). During August of 2006, two surveys for virus diseases in soybean were conducted in Illinois. In the first survey, 30 soybean leaf samples were collected without regard for symptoms from each of 10 fields in each of five northern Illinois counties (Carroll, Jo Daviess, Ogle, Stephenson, and Winnebago). In the second survey, 10 random soybean leaf samples and 10 samples with virus-like symptoms were collected from each of 30 soybean rust sentinel plots spread throughout Illinois. Total RNA was extracted from pools of 90 to 100 plants and analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase (QRT)-PCR using a fluorescently labeled minor groove binding probe (VIC-5′-AGCATATCCAAAGACGC-3′-MGBNFQ, nt 2358-2374) and flanking primers (5′-TGGCTATTATAGAATGGTGCGTAAAC-3′, nt 2327-2351; and 5′-GCCATGGAAATGAGGGAATG-3′, nt 2395-2376). From the first survey, pools from Carroll, Jo Daviess, and Ogle were positive for SbDV. Analysis of individual leaf samples from positive pools by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) showed that one sample in each county was positive for SbDV. On the basis of the number of randomly sampled plants, the incidence of SbDV infection in northern Illinois was approximately 0.3%. In the second survey, SbDV was detected in one pool containing symptomatic plants from five soybean rust sentinel plots. Further QRT-PCR analysis showed that the sentinel plot in Bureau County was positive for SbDV. Because of the sampling protocols used, it was not possible to determine symptom phenotypes of SbDV-positive samples. Sequence analysis of the combined coat protein (CP) and readthrough domain (RTD) encoding region (nt 3019-5094) of SbDV isolates from Bureau (GenBank Accession No. EU095847) and Carroll (GenBank Accession No. EU095846) counties showed that the predicted amino acid sequences were 96 and 95% identical to a Japanese dwarfing isolate of SbDV (GenBank Accession No. AB038150), respectively. The predicted CP amino acid sequences of the Illinois isolates were identical and RTD amino acid sequences differed at six positions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection of soybean plants in Illinois with SbDV. References: (1) V. D. Damsteegt et al. Phytopathology 89:374, 1999. (2) A. Fayad et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 90(suppl.):S132, 2000. (3) B. Harrison et al. Plant Dis. 89:28, 2005. (4) A. Phibbs et al. Plant Dis. 88:1285, 2004.

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First Report of Soybean dwarf virus on Soybean in Wisconsin

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1285a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (11) ◽

pp. 1285-1285 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Phibbs ◽

A. Barta ◽

L. L. Domier

Keyword(s):

Leaf Tissue ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Elisa Testing ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Soybean Dwarf Virus ◽

Das Elisa

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) causes widespread economic losses on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Japan (4), and has been reported on soybean in Virginia (2), in various legumes in the southeastern United States (1), and in peas in California (3). During late July and early August of 2003, soybean plants in Wisconsin were surveyed for SbDV. In 286 soybean fields at the R2-R4 growth stage, the uppermost fully unfurled leaf was collected from 10 plants at each of five sites. Samples were collected at random without regard to symptoms. SbDV symptom information was not recorded. Samples were stored on ice until frozen at -80°C. Five fields in four Wisconsin counties (Columbia, Lafayette, Sauk, and Waushara) tested positive for SbDV using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). DAS-ELISA testing was conducted with reagents from Agdia, Inc (Elkhart, IN) following the manufacturer's protocol. Absorbance was read at 405 nm with a Stat Fax 2100 microplate reader (Awareness Technology, Inc., Palm City, FL) or visually evaluated. DAS-ELISA did not discriminate between strains of SbDV. The presence of SbDV was confirmed, and strain identity was inferred as dwarfing strain using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA was extracted from homogenized leaf tissue, reverse transcribed, and amplified with the SuperScript One Step RT-PCR System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and SbDV-specific primers (5′-CTGCTTCTGGTGATTACACTGCCG-3′ and 5′-CGCTTTCATTTAACGYCATCAAAGGG-3′). Size of the RT-PCR products (110 bp) was consistent with the dwarfing strain, SbDV-D. All locations that tested positive for SbDV showed soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae), on 100% of soybean plants. Several aphid species have been reported to vector SbDV, but at this time, vector relations in the Wisconsin infections are unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SbDV infecting soybean in Wisconsin. References: (1) V. D. Damsteegt et al. Plant Dis. 79:48, 1995. (2) A. Fayad et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 90(Suppl.):S132, 2000. (3) G. R. Johnstone et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 74:795(A43), 1984. (4) T. Tamada et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 35:282, 1969.

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First Report of Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus from Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Arkansas

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-19-2610-pdn ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (10) ◽

pp. 2742

Author(s):

Travis R. Faske ◽

Daisy Stainton ◽

Nina Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic ◽

Tom W. Allen

Keyword(s):

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Upland Cotton ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

First Report ◽

Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus

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First Report of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus in Rubus multibracteatus from China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.5.603a ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (5) ◽

pp. 603-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

C. J. Chamberlain ◽

J. Kraus ◽

P. D. Kohnen ◽

C. E. Finn ◽

R. R. Martin

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Coat Protein ◽

Coat Protein Gene ◽

Protein Gene ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Black Raspberry ◽

First Report ◽

Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus ◽

Plant Pathol

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), genus Idaeovirus, has been reported in commercial Rubus spp. from North and South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Infection can cause reduced vigor and drupelet abortion leading to crumbly fruit and reduced yields (3,4). In recent years, Rubus germplasm in the form of seed, was obtained on several collection trips to The People's Republic of China to increase the diversity of Rubus spp. in the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository, (Corvallis, OR). Before planting in the field, seedlings were tested for the presence of RBDV, Tomato ringspot virus, and Tobacco streak virus using triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) (antiserum produced by R. R. Martin). One symptomless plant of R. multibracteatus H. Lev. & Vaniot (PI 618457 in USDA-ARS GRIN database), from Guizhou province in China, tested positive for RBDV (RBDV-China). After mechanical transmission on Chenopodium quinoa Willd., this isolate produced typical symptoms of RBDV (3). To determine if RBDV-China was a contaminant during the handling of the plants, or if the source was a seedborne virus, the coat protein gene was sequenced and compared to published sequences of RBDV. RNA was extracted from leaves of R. multibracteatus and subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers that flank the coat protein gene. Products from four separate PCR reactions were sequenced directly or were cloned into the plasmid vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and then sequenced. The coding sequence of the coat protein gene of RBDV-China was 87.5% (722/825) identical to that isolated from black raspberry (Genbank Accession No. s55890). The predicted amino acid sequences were 91.6% (251/274) identical. Previously, a maximum of five amino acid differences had been observed in the coat proteins of different RBDV strains (1). The 23 differences observed between RBDV-China and the isolate from black raspberry (s55890) confirm that the RBDV in R. multibracteatus is not a greenhouse contaminant but is indeed a unique strain of RBDV. In addition, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to RBDV (2) were tested against RBDV-China. In these tests, MAb D1 did not detect RBDV-China, whereas MAb R2 and R5 were able to detect the strain. This is the first strain of RBDV that has been clearly differentiated by MAbs using standard TAS-ELISA tests. Although RBDV is common in commercial Rubus spp. worldwide, to our knowledge, this is the first report of RBDV in R. multibracteatus, and the first report of RBDV from China. The effects of this new strain of RBDV could be more or less severe, or have a different host range than previously studied strains. It is more divergent from the type isolate than any other strain that has been studied to date. Phylogenetic analysis of coat protein genes of RBDV may be useful in understanding the evolution and spread of this virus. References: (1) A. T. Jones et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106:623, 2000. (2) R. R. Martin. Can. J. Plant. Pathol. 6:264, 1984. (3) A. F. Murant. Raspberry Bushy Dwarf. Page 229 in: Virus Diseases of Small Fruits. R. H. Converse, ed. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 631, 1987. (4) B. Strik and R. R. Martin. Plant Dis. 87:294, 2003.

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First Report of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus Infecting Grapevine in Hungary

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-12-0383-pdn ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (10) ◽

pp. 1582-1582 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

I. Mavrič Pleško ◽

M. Viršček Marn ◽

K. Nyerges ◽

J. Lázár

Keyword(s):

Natural Infection ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Southwestern Part ◽

First Report ◽

Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus ◽

Two Samples ◽

Rubus Species ◽

Das Elisa

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) is the sole member of genus Idaeovirus and naturally infects Rubus species worldwide. It can be experimentally transmitted to many dicotyledonous plant species from different families. In Slovenia it has been reported to naturally infect grapevine, the first known non-Rubus natural host (3). However, RBDV from red raspberry and grapevine were found to be different in biological, serological, and molecular characteristics (4). From 2007 to 2010, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards were sampled in different parts of Hungary and tested for RBDV infection by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA using commercial reagents (Bioreba, Reinach, Switzerland). Overall, 181 samples were collected from 10 vineyards around Csörnyeföld, Badacsony, Eger, Tolcsva (Orémus), and Nagyréde. Samples were taken randomly unless plants showing virus-like symptoms were present, which were preferentially included in the survey. Two samples collected in 2010, each consisting of five leaves from five individual plants, tested positive by DAS-ELISA. They originated from a small private vineyard of Italian Riesling, Pinot Gris, and Rhein Riesling in the southwestern part of Hungary near Csörnyeföld where 29 samples were collected. All leaves were asymptomatic. Total RNA was extracted from positive samples using a RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). cDNA was synthesized using primer RNA12 as described (4) and further amplified by PCR using primers RBDVUP1/RBDVLO4 that amplified an 872-bp fragment of RBDV coat protein and 3′ non-translated region (2). Amplification products from both samples were directly sequenced (Macrogen, Seoul, Korea). The sequences showed 98.6% identity between each other and were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ928628 and JQ928629). Sequences were also compared with RBDV sequences deposited in GenBank. They showed 97.7 to 99.3% identity with RBDV sequences from grapevine from Slovenia and 94.2 to 96.1% with RBDV sequences from Rubus sp. Natural infection of grapevine with RBDV was first reported from Slovenia in 2003 (3) and was recently reported also from Serbia (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of RBDV infection of grapevine in Hungary and suggests a wider presence of the virus in the region. References: (1) D. Jevremovic and S. Paunovic. Pestic. Phytomed. (Belgrade) 26:55, 2011. (2) H. I. Kokko et al. BioTechniques 20:842, 1996. (3) I. Mavric Pleško et al. Plant Dis. 87:1148, 2003. (4) I. Mavric Pleško et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 123:261, 2009.

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First Report of Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus in Louisiana

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-03-20-0019-br ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 142-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Trey Price ◽

Rodrigo Valverde ◽

Raghuwinder Singh ◽

Jeff Davis ◽

Sebe Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Molecular Diagnosis ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

Southern United States ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Cotton Aphid ◽

Aphid Infestation ◽

First Report ◽

Cotton Plants ◽

Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus

Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) has recently been discovered in the southern United States. The virus is transmitted by the cotton aphid and causes numerous symptoms including foliar chlorosis, distortion, leaf cupping, and reddened leaf veins. These symptoms were observed in a field in northeast Louisiana during the summer of 2019 approximately 2 weeks after cotton aphid infestation. Grafting infected cotton plants with healthy ones resulted in similar symptom development, and molecular diagnosis initially indicated and then confirmed the presence of CLRDV in sampled and grafted specimens, respectively. This the first report of CLRDV in Louisiana.

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