scholarly journals Mechanical weed control on small-size dry bean and its response to cross-flaming

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e0203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Christian Frasconi ◽  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Michele Raffaelli ◽  
Andrea Peruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Row Space ◽  
Flame Weeding ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control ◽  
Similar Yield

Dry bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris </em>L.) can be a profitable crop for farmers; however controlling weeds effectively without a decrease in yield remains a problem. An example where mechanical weed control is difficult to conduct is dry bean ‘Toscanello’, which is a small sized high-income niche product growing low to the ground. Concerning intra-row weed control, also flame weeding could be an opportunity but the dry bean heat tolerance needs to be studied. The aims of this research were to study the weed control efficacy of a spring-tine harrow and an inter-row cultivator in this bean variety, and to test the tolerance of dry bean cultivated under weed-free conditions to cross-flaming applied with different liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses. Flame weeding was applied at BBCH 13 and BBCH 14 bean growth stages by pairs of burners producing direct double flame acting into the intra-row space, with bean plants placed in the middle. The results suggest that the spring-tine harrow used two times at BBCH 13 and 14, respectively, lead to a yield similar to that of the weedy control. The inter-row cultivator could be an opportunity for small-sized dry bean crops producers, enabling them to obtain a similar yield compared to the hand-weeded control. Concerning the bean tolerance to cross-flaming<em> </em>the results showed that bean flamed at BBCH 13 stage had little tolerance to cross-flaming. Bean flamed at BBCH 14 stage was tolerant until an LPG dose of 39 kg/ha, giving yield responses similar to those observed in the non-flamed control.

scholarly journals Effects of Flame Weeding on Organic Garlic Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Abou Chehade ◽  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Christian Frasconi ◽  
Michele Raffaelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Physical Weed Control ◽  
Flame Weeding

A lack of efficient machines and strategies for cropping practices are still problems on small farms and in difficult landscapes, especially in organic crop production. The aim of this study was to develop a new weed control strategy for a typical organic garlic (Allium sativum) grown in Liguria, Italy. Flaming was proposed as an additional tool for the physical weed control program. A field experiment was conducted to test the effects of different flaming doses and timing on weed control and garlic production. The treatments consisted of a broadcast flaming at 16, 22, 37, and 112 kg·ha−1 of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at three different crop growth stages—emergence (BBCH 9), three to four leaves (BBCH 13) and six to seven leaves (BBCH 16)—once (at each growth stage separately), twice (at BBCH 9 and BBCH 13, BBCH 9 and BBCH 16, and BBCH 13 and BBCH 16 stages) or three times (all stages combined). Treatments were compared with a weedy control and hand weeding. One flaming treatment was effective in controlling weeds during the growing season. Frequent flaming treatments did not further reduce the weed biomass measured at harvest. A higher production than the weedy control, in terms of the number of marketable bulbs and yield, was obtained for all the flaming interventions carried out at more than 16-kg·ha−1 LPG dose. Garlic flamed once at BBCH 13 at any LPG dose or three times at more than 16 kg·ha−1 led to a comparable number of bulbs as hand weeding. Three flamings at an LPG dose of 22 kg·ha−1 also gave a statistically similar yield to hand weeding. In general, garlic was shown to tolerate up to three flaming treatments without a decline in the production. The decline in yield compared with hand weeding could be offset by the economical savings of the mechanization process and by integrating flaming with other mechanical tools used for weed management.

Mechanical and Chemical Weed Control Systems for Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orvin C. Burnside ◽  
Melvin J. Wiens ◽  
Norman H. Krause ◽  
Sanford Weisberg ◽  
Eric A. Ristau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Bean Seed ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control

Various chemical and mechanical weed control treatments for kidney bean production were evaluated on irrigated, sandy loam sites from 1993 to 1995 near Staples, MN. Weed biomass can be controlled either mechanically or chemically, but a combination of the two gave the most effective and dependable weed control over years. Good weed control by either mechanical or chemical means reduced white mold infection of dry bean because of better aeration of dry bean plants and thus less favorable conditions for infection. Dry bean seed yields were inversely related to weed yields, and weed competition was similar from indigenous stands of either grass or broadleaf weeds. Row cultivation was more effective than rotary hoeing for controlling weeds, reducing white mold infection of dry bean, and increasing dry bean seed yields.

scholarly journals Flaming to control weeds in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) turfgrass

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Lisa Caturegli ◽  
Monica Gaetani ◽  
Nicola Grossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
The University ◽  
Flame Weeding

Weed control is crucial to ensure that turfgrass is established effectively. Although herbicides are commonly used to control weeds in turfgrasses, environmental and public health concerns have led to limiting or banning the use of synthetic herbicides in urban areas. The species seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatumSw.) is susceptible to such herbicides. Flame weeding could be an alternative to the use of synthetic herbicides for selective weed control in seashore paspalum. In this study, five different liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses of flaming (0, 61, 91, 157 and 237 kg ha-1) were tested in order to find the optimal dose, in terms of weed control and costs. The aim was to maintain a seashore paspalum (cultivar ‘Salam’) turf free of weeds during spring green-up, and at the same time avoid damaging the turfgrass. Using a self-propelled machine designed and built at the University of Pisa, flaming was applied three times when weeds started growing and the turfgrass started green-up. Our results highlight that an LPG dose of 157 kg ha-1was the most economic dose that led to a significant reduction in initial weed cover and density, enabling the turfgrass to recover three weeks after the third application.

Field Pea and Lentil Tolerance to Interrow Cultivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Stanley ◽  
Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽  
Dilshan Benaragama ◽  
Lena D. Syrovy ◽  
Hema S. N. Duddu
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control

AbstractInterrow cultivation is a selective, in-crop mechanical weed control tool that has the potential to control weeds later in the growing season with less crop damage compared with other in-crop mechanical weed control tools. To our knowledge, no previous research has been conducted on the tolerance of narrow-row crops to interrow cultivation. The objective of this experiment was to determine the tolerance of field pea and lentil to interrow cultivation. Replicated field experiments were conducted in Saskatchewan, Canada, in 2014 and 2015. Weekly cultivation treatments began at the 4-node stage of each crop, continuing for 6 wk. Field pea and lentil yield linearly declined with later crop stages of cultivation. Cultivating multiple times throughout the growing season reduced yield by 15% to 30% in both crops. Minimal yield loss occurred when interrow cultivation was conducted once at early growth stages of field pea and lentil; however, yield loss increased with delayed and more frequent cultivation events.

Pre-emergence mechanical weed control in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E N Johnson ◽  
F A Holm
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control ◽  
Similar Yield

Producers who wish to adopt organic or pesticide-free crop production are seeking alternatives to herbicides. A field experiment was conducted at Scott, SK, from 1999 to 2001 to determine the combination of seeding date (early-May, mid-May, and late-May) and weed management system (shallow-seeded untreated, shallow-seeded with pre-emergence tillage, shallow-seeded herbicide, deep-seeded untreated, deep-seeded with pre-emergence tillage, and deep-seeded herbicide) that would optimize yield of field pea grown without the use of herbicides. The shallow and deep seeded pre-emergence tillage treatments were a 2.5-cm seeding depth followed by two sequential harrow passes and a 7.5-cm seeding depth followed by two sequential rod-weeder passes, respectively. None of the weed management systems had a significant effect on field pea density. The herbicide treatments were the only treatments that had a significant effect on weed density as the application timing was more synchronous with weed emergence than were the tillage treatments. The pre-emergence tillage treatments reduced weed biomass when seeding was delayed until mid-May following weed emergence. Deep seeding followed by pre-emergence rod-weeding was more efficacious in reducing weed fresh weight than shallow seeding followed by pre-emergence harrowing; however, they both provided similar yield responses at the mid-May seeding date. Delayed seeding until late May resulted in a 30 to 35% reduction in field pea yield compared with early or mid-May seeding, respectively. Early-seeded field peas followed by an in-crop herbicide application resulted in the highest field pea yields with the best seeding date by pre-emergence tillage combination achieving 81% of these yields. A strategy for field pea producers who choose not to use herbicides would be to delay seeding until some weeds emerge and seed at a 7.5-cm depth followed by two sequential rod-weeding passes prior to crop emergence. Key words: Field pea, seeding date, seed depth, pre-emergence tillage

scholarly journals Propelled abrasive grit applications for weed management in transitional corn grain production

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Erazo-Barradas ◽  
Claire N. Friedrichsen ◽  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Dan Humburg ◽  
Sharon A. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Flame Weeding

AbstractWeed control is challenging to farmers who are transitioning from production systems that use synthetic herbicides to organic systems. A 2-year field study examined air-propelled corncob grit abrasion for in-row weed control efficacy and effect on corn yield. Grit was applied based on corn vegetative developmental stages with one (V1, V3 or V5), two (V1 + V3, V1 + V5, or V3 + V5), or three (V1 + V3 + V5) applications. Flame-weeding or cultivation was used after the V5 application for between-row weed control. Grit applications decreased in-row weed densities by about 60% (α = 0.05) and biomass up to 95% (α = 0.001). Between-row treatments provided similar control, and reduced weed biomass by 55% in 2013 (α = 0.01) and 86% (α = 0.001) in 2014. In-row grit treatments increased corn yield up to 44%, and yield was more influenced by in-row weeds than between row weeds. These results indicate that abrasive corncob grit for in-row weed control, supplemented with cultivation or flaming, can reduce weed biomass substantially and help maintain corn yield. However, timing and frequency of grit application need further refinement based on weed growth as influenced by climate, as treatments at similar corn growth stages did not consistently provide adequate weed control between years.

Impact of Timing and Frequency of In-Row Cultivation for Weed Control in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Vangessel ◽  
Edward E. Schweizer ◽  
Robert G. Wilson ◽  
Lori J. Wiles ◽  
Phil Westra
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Operator Experience ◽  
Row Crop ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Dry Edible Bean ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control ◽  
Made In

Effectiveness of rotary hoeing with cultivation and comparison of an in-row cultivator with a standard row-crop cultivator were determined in dry edible bean. The effectiveness of in-row cultivation conducted at various timings and frequencies was examined. The in-row cultivator was more effective in reducing weed populations than the standard cultivator, although at least two mechanical weeding operations were needed to reduce weed populations to levels of the herbicide check (EPTC [S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate] plus ethalfluralin). When the in-row cultivation was delayed until the second trifoliolate stage or later, weed populations were greater than those in the herbicide check. In situations with high weed populations, rotary hoeing prior to cultivation was required to reduce weed populations to levels similar to the herbicide check. An in-row cultivator has potential to improve mechanical weed control options in a crop such as dry edible bean. The types of adjustments made in combination with soil textures, soil moisture, and operator experience affect overall weed control. Thus, it is expected that the level of weed control will vary from year to year and even field to field for the same operator.

scholarly journals Thermal Weed Control in Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin” Container Nurseries

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Frasconi ◽  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Michele Raffaelli ◽  
Paolo Marzialetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Photinia X Fraseri ◽  
Container Nurseries ◽  
Flame Weeding

Abstract. A near-zero tolerance policy on weeds by markets for nursery crops calls for weed-free container-grown plants, and forces growers to frequently remove weeds. Thermal weed control could represent a novel method to control weeds in shrubs from container nurseries, thus avoiding the use of herbicides and mulches. The aims of this study were to develop custom-built machinery for thermal weed control in container nurseries and to test the weed control efficiency of flame weeding and steaming in Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin” containers. A liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fed flamer and a steamer with a dedicated diffuser were built. Four treatments were applied for a total period of 24 months: steaming once every four months, steaming once every two months, flame weeding once every two months or once a month. Temperature values measured at different depths in the substrate after thermal applications were recorded and analyzed. Photinia x fraseri features (height, diameter, and dry biomass) and aesthetic parameters as affected by thermal treatments were also evaluated. The trend in temperature values of the substrate over time followed a two-phase exponential decay. All the thermal treatments lead to a continuous near-100% weed control level, which is the level required by growers for aesthetic reasons. No damages caused by heat on Photinia x fraseri were observed. Container nursery producers could thus adopt thermal methods as a substitute for chemical solutions for weed control management. Keywords: Container nurseries, ornamental plant production, Thermal weed control, Flame weeding, Steaming, Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin”, Two-phase temperature decay model.

scholarly journals Flaming to control weeds in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) turfgrass

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Lisa Caturegli ◽  
Monica Gaetani ◽  
Nicola Grossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Paspalum Vaginatum ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
The University ◽  
Flame Weeding

Weed control is crucial to ensure that turfgrass is established effectively. Although herbicides are commonly used to control weeds in turfgrasses, environmental and public health concerns have led to limiting or banning the use of synthetic herbicides in urban areas. The species seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) is susceptible to such herbicides. Flame weeding could be an alternative to the use of synthetic herbicides for selective weed control in seashore paspalum. In this study, five different liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses of flaming (0, 61, 91, 157 and 237 kg ha–1) were tested in order to find the optimal dose, in terms of weed control and costs. The aim was to maintain a seashore paspalum (cultivar ‘Salam’) turf free of weeds during spring greenup, and at the same time avoid damaging the turfgrass. Using a self-propelled machine designed and built at the University of Pisa, flaming was applied three times when weeds started growing and the turfgrass started green-up. Our results highlight that an LPG dose of 157 kg ha–1 was the most economic dose that led to a significant reduction in initial weed cover and density, enabling the turfgrass to recover three weeks after the third application.

scholarly journals A combined flamer-cultivator for weed control during the harvesting season of asparagus green spears

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Christian Frasconi ◽  
Michele Raffaelli ◽  
Michel Pirchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Flame Weeding ◽  
New Machine

Weed competition during spears harvesting reduces asparagus yields. The application of herbicides during this period is illegal, and alternative non-chemical practices are needed. This research tested the effectiveness and efficiency of a custom-built combined flamer-cultivator to control weeds (both in the inter- and intra- spears production bands) during the spears harvest season. It also analysed the effects of various liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses on total asparagus yield, mean spear weight, and total number of marketable spears. In both years, the asparagus spears were generally not damaged by flame weeding using LPG doses of between 43 to 87 kg/ha. The same LPG doses were effective in controlling weeds, showing the same total marketable yields as the weed-free control. At high LPG doses (e.g. 130 and 260 kg/ha), yields decreased as a consequence of the damage caused to the spears, resulting in a lower number of marketable spears. Flaming did not affect the mean spear weight, and can be applied repeatedly during harvesting to maintain the weeds at a level that does not lead to a yield reduction. The repeated use of the combined flamer-cultivator (every seven days) led to higher yields than plots where weed control was not conducted. The new machine can be used in a period when herbicides are not possible. Flaming could be introduced by asparagus producers as an alternative, or in addition to herbicides applied in the pre-emergence and post-harvest of spears.

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