scholarly journals Economic Analyses of Federal Scientific Collections: Methods for Documenting Costs and Benefits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Scientific Collections

scholarly journals Economic Analyses of Federal Scientific Collections: Methods for Documenting Costs and Benefits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Schindel
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Regulatory Mandates ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Scientific Collections

Federal collections have been created to serve agency missions and, in a few cases, to comply with legislative and regulatory mandates. The benefits generated by federal scientific collections can take monetary and non-monetary forms, and are usually indirect and delayed. The value chains that connect costs to benefits are generally difficult to document. This report describes five methodologies that are available for describing and estimating the benefits federal collections generate. Departments and agencies can use the methods described for evidence-based decisions concerning policies and management practices for their institutional collections. <br><br>

scholarly journals Economic Analyses of Federal Scientific Collections: Methods for Documenting Costs and Benefits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Schindel
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Regulatory Mandates ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Scientific Collections

Federal collections have been created to serve agency missions and, in a few cases, to comply with legislative and regulatory mandates. The benefits generated by federal scientific collections can take monetary and non-monetary forms, and are usually indirect and delayed. The value chains that connect costs to benefits are generally difficult to document. This report describes five methodologies that are available for describing and estimating the benefits federal collections generate. Departments and agencies can use the methods described for evidence-based decisions concerning policies and management practices for their institutional collections. <br><br>

Disasters and Development: Part 3: Assessing Trade-offs in Investing in Vulnerability Reduction

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob S. Stephenson ◽  
Charles DuFrane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Catastrophic Event ◽  
Vulnerability Reduction ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Development Alternatives

AbstractThis lesson describes how a government decides whether and how much it should spend on vulnerability reduction. There are techniques and methods by which decision-makers compare development alternatives. The differences between the risk that a potentially catastrophic event will occur and uncertainty are described, with uncertainty providing greater difficulty in economic analyses. There is a range of methods for identifying the complex mix of competing costs and benefits associated with any restructuring of investment priorities to accomplish disaster mitigation. The possibilities are described in terms of the opportunity costs and present value. Impact and consequent losses include: (1) direct monetary effects; (2) indirect monetary effects; (3) direct, non-monetary effects; (4) indirect, non-monetary effects; and (5) loss of non-renewable natural resources. The difficulties in assigning values to these effects are described, as well as the means of judging the costeffectiveness of such interventions. An advantage of screening projects using a framework of analytical methods is that it can assist in focusing on a variety of possible outcomes and make the factors influencing these outcomes quite explicit.

The Effect of Fossil Fuel Prices on Flexible CO2 Capture Operation

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. Cohen ◽  
John Fyffe ◽  
Gary T. Rochelle ◽  
Michael E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Co2 Capture Systems

Coal consumption for electricity generation produces over 30% of U.S. carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but coal is also an available, secure, and low cost fuel that is currently utilized to meet roughly half of America’s electricity demand. While the world transitions from the existing fossil fuel-based energy infrastructure to a sustainable energy system, carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) will be a critical technology that will allow continued use of coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Techno-economic analyses are useful in understanding the costs and benefits of CCS. However, typical techno-economic analyses of post-combustion CO2 capture systems assume continuous operation at a high CO2 removal, which could use 30% of pre-capture electricity output and require new capacity installation to replace the output lost to CO2 capture energy requirements. This study, however, considers the inherent flexibility in post-combustion CO2 capture systems by modeling power plants that vary CO2 capture energy requirements in order to increase electricity output when economical under electricity market conditions. A first-order model of electricity dispatch and a competitive electricity market is used to investigate flexible CO2 capture in response to hourly electricity demand variations. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) electric grid is used as a case study to compare plant and grid performance, economics, and CO2 emissions in scenarios without CO2 capture to those with flexible or inflexible CO2 capture systems. Flexible CO2 capture systems can choose how much CO2 to capture based on the competition between CO2 and electricity prices and a desire to either minimize operating costs or maximize operating profits. Coal and natural gas prices have varying degrees of predictability and volatility, and the relative prices of these fuels have a major impact on power plant operating costs and the resulting plant dispatch sequence. Because the chosen operating point in a flexible CO2 capture system affects net power plant efficiency, fuel prices also influence which CO2 capture operating point may be the most economical and the resulting dispatch of power plants with CO2 capture. Several coal and natural gas price combinations are investigated to determine their impact on flexible CO2 capture operation and the resulting economic and environmental impacts at the power plant and electric grid levels. This study investigates the costs and benefits of flexible CO2 capture in a framework of a carbon-constrained future where the effects of major energy infrastructure changes on fuel prices are not entirely clear.

scholarly journals How not to count the health benefits of family planning

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107668
Author(s):  
Jacob Zionts ◽  
Joseph Millum
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Economic Analyses

Several influential organisations have attempted to quantify the costs and benefits of expanding access to interventions—like contraceptives—that are expected to decrease the number of pregnancies. Such health economic evaluations can be invaluable to those making decisions about how to allocate scarce resources for health. Yet how the benefits should be measured depends on controversial value judgments. One such value judgment is found in recent analyses from the Disease Control Priority Network (DCPN) and the Study Group for the Global Investment Framework for Women’s and Children’s Health. Noting the decrease in the number of pregnancies expected to result from providing access to family planning, DCPN and the Study Group claim that a substantial benefit of such interventions is averting the stillbirths and child deaths that would have resulted from those pregnancies. We argue that health economic analyses should not count such averted deaths as benefits in the same way as saved lives. First, by counting averted stillbirths and child deaths as a benefit but not counting as a cost the lives of babies who survive, DCPN and the Study Group implicitly commit themselves to antinatalism. Second, this method for calculating the benefits of family planning interventions implies that infertility treatments are harmful. Determining how potential people should be treated in health economic analyses will require grappling with population ethics.

Improving the quality of abstract reporting for economic analyses in oncology.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
Maria Yi Ho ◽  
Kelvin Chan ◽  
Stuart Peacock ◽  
Winson Y. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Expert Rating ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Abstract Reporting ◽  
Over Time

109 Background: Increasing costs of cancer drugs underscore the importance of EA, which convey key information about the relative costs and benefits of new interventions. Although guidelines for abstracts exist for phase I, II, and III oncology trials, similar recommendations for EA are lacking. Our objectives were to 1) identify items considered to be essential for EA abstracts; 2) evaluate the quality of EA abstracts submitted to ASCO, ASH, and ISPOR meetings; and 3) propose guidelines for future reporting. Methods: Health economic experts were surveyed and asked to rate each of 24 possible EA elements on a 5-point Likert scale. A scoring system for abstract quality (0=poor and 100=excellent) was devised based on EA elements with an average expert rating ≥ 3.5. All EA abstracts from ASCO (‘97–‘09), ASH (‘04–‘09) and ISPOR (‘97–‘09) were reviewed and assigned a quality score. Results: Of 99 experts surveyed, 50 (51%) responded. Characteristics of respondents: average age = 53; male = 78%; US / Europe / Canada = 54% / 28% / 18%. A total of 216 abstracts were reviewed: ASCO 53%, ASH 14% and ISPOR 33%. Median quality score was 75 (range 48 to 93), but notable deficiencies were observed. For instance, the cost perspective of the EA was reported in only 61% of abstracts, while the time horizon was described in only 47%. An association was seen between year of presentation and overall quality of abstracts (p=0.001), with those from recent years demonstrating better quality scores. There were also disparities in quality scores among EA of different cancer sites (p=0.005). Conclusions: Quality of EA abstracts for oncology has improved over time, but there is room for improvement. Abstracts may be enhanced using guidelines derived from our survey of experts (see table). [Table: see text]

The Economics of the Law of the Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Till Markus ◽  
Gerd Markus
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effects ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Law ◽  
Economic Analyses

The Economics of the Law of the Sea (LoS) quite generally investigates how the LoS has developed in the past, how it functions at present, and how it could serve in the future. It explores economic factors that shape the LoS, assesses its economic effects, and evaluates different legal options from an economic perspective with a view to achieving specific goals. Accordingly, it can address a large variety of topics and pick from a wide range of ideas, analytical frames, and tools. Studies in this area can, for example, investigate economic drivers that have influenced the development of the modern LoS, analyze general economic characteristics of ocean resources, explore the economics of specific ocean-related activities governed by the LoS (exploiting the sea floor, fishing, protecting coasts against sea level rise, etc.), and assess important economic effects of selected LoS measures (drawing boundaries, creating marine enclosures, and establishing permit regimes). Economic analyses of the LoS are particularly valuable in linking information regarding facts and norms, for example, by illuminating the economic dimensions of conflicts to lawyers or translating specific regulatory approaches into costs and benefits. In this way, it may contribute to managing oceans more rationally, efficiently, sustainably, and peacefully.

Are there economic benefits of accessing forage in wolf plants of crested wheatgrass?

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Romo ◽  
M. E. Tremblay ◽  
D. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Desertorum ◽  
Economic Analyses

Wolf plants are common in many crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes] pastures, and they represent an inefficient use of forage. The objective of this study was to determine costs and benefits of improving management to exploit the forage in wolf plants. Predictors of the forage left ungrazed in wolf plants (unused residual forage) and economic costs and benefits of improving management to make this forage available to grazing animals were determined using 40 site-years of data from southern and central Saskatchewan. Economic analyses were completed for management practices including: 1) no control of wolf plants, i.e. status quo grazing management; 2) no improvement in grazing management, but the forage is swathed and baled every 5, 10, or 15 yr; 3) burning at 5, 10, or 15-yr intervals, but grazing management is not changed, and; 4) swathing and baling hay once, followed by intensified grazing management involving cross-fencing of the pasture with a four-strand barbed wire or a single-strand electric fence. Unused residual forage in wolf plants averaged 417 kg ha−1 (SE = 7.5) and was correlated (R2 = 0.75, P ≤ 0.001) with total standing crop of wolf plants. On average about 41% of the total standing crop in wolf plants was unused residual forage. Density of wolf plants and dead standing crop were also significantly correlated (P ≤ 0.001) with unused residual forage in wolf plants; however, R2 values of 0.12 and 0.41 suggest that they are not actually strong predictors. Swathing and baling the crested wheatgrass every 5, 10 or 15 yr is economically feasible when unused residual forage in wolf plants averages about 200, 100 and 50 kg ha−1, respectively, whereas burning at the same intervals is profitable when unused residual forage exceeds about 400, 200 and 100 kg ha−1. Results of this research clearly show that substantial amounts of unused residual forage are present in pastures of crested wheatgrass that are dominated by wolf plants. Wolf plants are indicators of poor grazing management and potential economic loss. Management that encourages more uniform and complete use of this unused residual forage is economically beneficial in most situations. Key words: Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes, economic analysis, grazing management, pasture management, range improvements

Using the research on intergroup conflict in nonhuman animals to help inform patterns of human intergroup conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Ridley ◽  
Melanie O. Mirville
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Interesting Article ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

Abstract There is a large body of research on conflict in nonhuman animal groups that measures the costs and benefits of intergroup conflict, and we suggest that much of this evidence is missing from De Dreu and Gross's interesting article. It is a shame this work has been missed, because it provides evidence for interesting ideas put forward in the article.

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