THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN PIGEONS’ SCHEDULE-INDUCED AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND THE RECIPIENTS’ COUNTER-BEHAVIOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-499
Author(s):  
Takashi Sakuma ◽  
Tetsumi Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Key Peck ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Food Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Interlocking Contingencies ◽  
Positive Correlations

The present experiment was conducted to investigate whether an experimental pigeon's shield-peck responses toward a target pigeon could be induced by a food reinforcement schedule consisting of continuous reinforcement (CRF) and extinction. Further, the interaction between experimental and target pigeons’ shield-peck responses was investigated. The experiment was an ABAB design consisting of alternating phases of nonreinforcement (A) and CRF-extinction (B) of the experimental pigeons' key-peck responses unrelated to their shield-peck responses. The experimental pigeons' shield-peck responses were induced by the CRF-extinction schedule. Further, there were positive correlations between the experimental and the target pigeons' shield-peck responses revealing a similar trend in both their response rates. Thus, the experimental pigeons’ shield-peck responses were controlled by variables including the reinforcement schedule and social stimuli including ontogenic and phylogenic variables derived from their target pigeons. Moreover, the pigeons' responses could be classified as an aggressive behavior derived from the interlocking contingencies of the responses of the pigeons of the dyads.

Extinction in the Pigeon after Continuous Reinforcement: Effect of Number of Reinforced Responses

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Furumoto
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Key Peck ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Gm Food ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Time To Extinction ◽  
Monotonically Increasing Function ◽  
Increasing Functions ◽  
Increasing Function

Number of responses and time to extinction were measured after 3, 10, 1000, 3000, 5000, and 10,000 reinforced key-peck responses during conditioning. Each response was reinforced with a 045-gm. food pellet. The number of responses in extinction was a monotonically increasing function which became asymptotic beyond 1000 reinforced responses. Number of reinforced responses during conditioning significantly affected the number of responses in extinction ( p < .001) but not the time to extinction. The results support the findings of previous free-operant bar-press studies with rats. Free-operant animal studies of extinction after continuous reinforcement have consistently produced monotonically increasing functions and have typically employed relatively small amounts of reinforcement. Amount of reward may be an important parameter determining the shape of the extinction function in the free-operant studies.

Noncontingent Nonreinforcement of a Response as the Aversive Event in a Cer Paradigm

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1196-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Calef ◽  
Richard A. Kaufman ◽  
Ronald N. Bone ◽  
Steven A. Werk
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Aversive Event ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Response Facilitation ◽  
Early Training ◽  
Low Rate

The present experiment investigated the effects of noncontingent nonreinforcement as the aversive event in a CER paradigm. The results showed a significant response-facilitation effect during early training, but none during later training with a high rate-producing, high-density reinforcement schedule. The present results imply that a low rate-producing, high-density reinforcement schedule is not a necessary condition for response facilitation.

scholarly journals Training protocol for touchscreen-based visual discrimination in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Goto ◽  
Yuya Hataji
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Magazine Training ◽  
Stimulus Position ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Contrast Discrimination ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Training Protocol

Automated touchscreen-based tasks are increasingly being used to explore a broad range of issues in learning and behavior in mice. Researchers usually report how they train mice before acquiring the target task concisely, and shaping protocols at this stage are typically flexible. In this report, we described a training protocol, developed in our laboratory, for mice acquiring a simultaneous discrimination performance using visual stimuli. C57BL/6N mice were first given magazine training. Nosepoke responses were then authoshaped and maintained on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Self-start response was then introduced in order to measure response time to complete each trial. The stimulus position was also varied across trials. We finally examined the contrast discrimination performance. Mice were tested with four different contrast ratios. Target stimuli were white and black targets and the brightness of distractors had values between targets and background. All mice successfully went through all training stages, confirming that this training protocol is promising for shaping appropriate discriminative behaviors in mice.

The Influence of Partial Reinforcement on Serial Autoshaping with Pigeons

1983 ◽  
Vol 35 (4b) ◽  
pp. 275-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Collins ◽  
Douglas B. Young ◽  
Keith Davies ◽  
John M. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Associative Strength ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Compound Conditioning ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Serial Compound

The effect of partial reinforcement on the rate of responding during the first element of a serial compound was investigated using autoshaping in pigeons. Experiment I employed the illumination of a response key by two different colours as the elements of the compound. Responding during the first element was faster when this stimulus was intermittently paired with the second element and the unconditioned stimulus than when a continuous reinforcement schedule was employed. Experiment II demonstrated that this effect of partial reinforcement is unaffected by maniuplating the associative strength of the second element at the outset of compound conditioning. A similar effect of partial reinforcement was also found in Experiment III which used a tone as the first element of the serial compound.

Human Maze Learning as a Function of Stress and Partial Reinforcement

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 975-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Maze Learning ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Monotonic Function ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Competing Response ◽  
Increasing Function

96 Ss learned a 23-row button maze under 1 of 3 stress conditions and partial or continuous reinforcement. Stress conditions were error, error and speed instruction, or error and speed instruction plus irrelevant shock. Number of errors were an increasing function of stress, but rate (responses per second) suggested a non-monotonic function. Reinforcement schedule was not an effective variable. Results were discussed with relation to competing response tendencies associated with motivation.

Food deprivation increases oral and intravenous drug intake in rats

Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 205 (4403) ◽  
pp. 319-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Carroll ◽  
CP France ◽  
RA Meisch
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Drug Intake ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Feeding Condition ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Continuous Access

Rats given continuous access to etonitazene hydrochloride in their drinking water (5 micrograms per milliliter) more than doubled their drug intake while deprived of food. Another group of rats with implanted jugular catheters self-administered etonitazene (10 micrograms per kilogram) intravenously on a continuous reinforcement schedule, and the number of infusions increased significantly on days when they were deprived of food. These results suggest that feeding condition may be a powerful determinant of drug-reinforced behavior.

Overtraining Extinction Effect Using a Free-Operant Procedure

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom N. Tombaugh ◽  
Pierre St. Jean
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Increasing Function ◽  
Operant Procedure ◽  
Free Operant Situation

The effects of five levels of training (210, 490, 1470, 2450, 3430 reinforced responses) on extinction performance were investigated. A free-operant bar-press paradigm was employed. A continuous reinforcement schedule was used with .12 ml. of 64% sucrose. Number of bar-presses and duration of time to reach a 1-min. non-response criterion showed that resistance to extinction was an increasing function of the number of reinforcements during training. However, the amount of time required to reach a 5-min. criterion showed the opposite relationship. It was concluded that different criteria reflected different patterns of extinction behavior and that the overtraining extinction effect (decreased resistance to extinction following extended training) could be demonstrated in a free-operant situation if the appropriate criteria were selected.

scholarly journals The thickness of the intestinal mucous layer in the colon of rats fed various sources of non-digestible carbohydrates is positively correlated with the pool of SCFA but negatively correlated with the proportion of butyric acid in digesta

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette S. Hedemann ◽  
Peter K. Theil ◽  
K. E. Bach Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Mucous Layer ◽  
Large Pool ◽  
Muc Genes ◽  
Positive Correlations

The present experiment aimed to study the influence of six sources of non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) on the mucous layer in the colon of rats. The NDC sources used were as follows: cellulose (C); pectin (P); inulin; resistant starch (RS); barley hulls. The diets contained 108–140 g NDC/kg DM. A fibre-free (FF) diet served as a control. The diets were fed to forty-eight rats for 34–41 d. The thickness of the total mucous layer in the colon was increased (P < 0·05) in rats fed C, P and RS when compared with rats fed a FF diet. In the colon, positive correlations were observed between the total thickness of the mucous layer and the area of neutral mucins, the pool of SCFA and the pool of acetic acid, while it was negatively correlated with the proportion of butyrate. The total thickness of the mucous layer was not correlated with the MUC gene transcription. The transcription of the gene MUC2 was negatively correlated (P = 0·04), whereas the transcription of MUC3 was positively correlated (P = 0·05) with the butyrate pool in the caecum. No correlations between the MUC2 or MUC3 transcription and SCFA were found in the colon. Hence, the regulation of the MUC genes differs between the compartments of the hindgut and, within compartments, the MUC genes may be regulated differently. In conclusion, a diet providing a large pool of SCFA with a low proportion of butyrate in the colon stimulates the formation of a thick mucous layer, which probably benefits intestinal health.

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