scholarly journals On the Photon’s Identity: Implications for Relativity and Cosmology

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ogaba Philip Obande

<p class="1Body">Light is investigated with simple harmonic motion formalism; the procedure reveals the photon’s physical characteristics but fails to provide its exact identity. Its speed identifies with angular velocity, i.e., c = w<sub>pho</sub> s<sup>-1</sup> = 2.99792458 x 10<sup>8</sup> rad s<sup>-1</sup>, its velocity v<sub>pho</sub> = πc and radius r<sub>pho</sub> = π m. In other words, it is a non-matter energy packet which radiates at a characteristic radio frequency 0-<sub>pho</sub> = 47.71345 MHz and <sub class="1Body">pho</sub> = 2π m. Although the wavelength corresponds to λ values of wave (bosonic) forms of Cd and In, the quantum mass does not register with an element of the chemical periodicity. Notably, its rest mass is well above the electron’s and raises mass conservation issues with the pair production mechanism γ + γ ↔ e<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup>. The evidence reveals that no natural e-m radiation oscillates above ϑ ~7 x 10<sup>9</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>; microcosmic particulate “dark” matter is identified with α- emitters, therefore, detectable. The result also suggests redefinition of the mass-energy equivalence formulation in terms of velocity rather than speed. Implications of these findings for Relativity and Cosmology are highlighted.</p>

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (10) ◽  
pp. 1567-1602
Author(s):  
Grit Kalies

AbstractOver the last two centuries, thermodynamics has contributed significantly to technical and industrial progress. According to phenomenological thermodynamics developed by Rudolf Clausius and Josiah Willard Gibbs, properties such as volume or interface represent energetic qualities of a real body. In the present work, the energy concepts of thermodynamics and special relativity are connected with each other. The plausibility of complete mass-energy equivalence is evaluated within the thermodynamic context. Einstein’s interpretation of the well-known equation E = mc2 as complete mass-energy equivalence results as a special case for idealized moving point masses – according to the assumptions of the theory of special relativity. It is shown that mass is one energy-equivalent property of matter, but not the only one, because complete mass-energy equivalence contradicts the principle of conservation of energy. Thermodynamics suggests matter-energy equivalence. In accordance with the two main laws of thermodynamics and corresponding with experimental facts, it forms the basis of an in-depth understanding of nature and provides impetus for the research in quantum physics, thermodynamics and astrophysics.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  

A charged particle, moving at a constant velocity, carries along its electrostatic field Eo . But, as a result of finite speed of light, a particle of charge Q and mass m moving at time t with velocity v and acceleration dv/dt, has a resultant of its electrostatic field in the opposite direction of accelerarion. So, a reactive electric field Ea proportional to and in the opposite direction of the acceleration is created. The field Ea acts only on the same charge Q, producing it, to generate an inertial force f= QEa = -m (dv/dt), where m is a constant equal to the rest mass. For a neutral body of mass M, composed of N/2 positive and N/2 negative charges, the inertial forces on the charges add up to Nf =NQEa = -Nm (dv/dt) = -M (dv/dt). This explains the cause of inertia, the tendency of a body to resist acceleration or deceleration, as the result of self-induced reactive forces on the electric charges composing the body, contrary to general relativity. Expressions are deduced for the mass m and energy E of an electric charge Q, in the form of a spherical shell of radius a, in conformity with a mass-energy equivalence law as E = ½ mc2 , where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, in contrast to special relativity giving E = mc2 . The total energy of a particle of mass m moving at speed v, relative to an observer, is Ev = ½ m (c2 + v2 ).


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grit Kalies

AbstractQuantum mechanics for describing the behavior of microscopic entities and thermodynamics for describing macroscopic systems exhibit separate time concepts. Whereas many theories of modern physics interpret processes as reversible, in thermodynamics, an expression for irreversibility and the so-called time arrow has been developed: the increase of entropy. The divergence between complete reversibility on the one hand and irreversibility on the other is called the paradox of time. Since more than hundred years many efforts have been devoted to unify the time concepts. So far, the efforts were not successful. In this paper a solution is proposed on the basis of matter-energy equivalence with an energetic distinction between matter and mass. By refraining from interpretations predominant in modern theoretical physics, the first and second laws of thermodynamics can be extended to fundamental laws of nature, which are also valid at quantum level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Hryczuk ◽  
Maxim Laletin

Abstract We study a novel dark matter production mechanism based on the freeze-in through semi-production, i.e. the inverse semi-annihilation processes. A peculiar feature of this scenario is that the production rate is suppressed by a small initial abundance of dark matter and consequently creating the observed abundance requires much larger coupling values than for the usual freeze-in. We provide a concrete example model exhibiting such production mechanism and study it in detail, extending the standard formalism to include the evolution of dark matter temperature alongside its number density and discuss the importance of this improved treatment. Finally, we confront the relic density constraint with the limits and prospects for the dark matter indirect detection searches. We show that, even if it was never in full thermal equilibrium in the early Universe, dark matter could, nevertheless, have strong enough present-day annihilation cross section to lead to observable signals.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrit Srečko Šorli

Editor's Note: this Article has been retracted; the Retraction Note is available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80949-z.


1987 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 414-414
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. McDowell

It has been proposed (e.g. Carr, Bond and Arnett 1984) that the first generation of stars may have been Very Massive Objects (VMOs, of mass above 200 M⊙) which existed at large redshifts and left a large fraction of the mass of the universe in black hole remnants which now provide the dynamical ‘dark matter’. The radiation from these stars would be present today as extragalactic background light. For stars with density parameter Ω* which convert a fraction ϵ of their rest-mass to radiation at a redshift of z, the energy density of background radiation in units of the critical density is ΩR = εΩ* / (1+z). The VMOs would be far-ultraviolet sources with effective temperatures of 105 K. If the radiation is not absorbed, the constraints provided by measurements of background radiation imply (for H =50 km/s/Mpc) that the stars cannot close the universe unless they formed at a redshift of 40 or more. To provide the dark matter (of one-tenth closure density) the optical limits imply that they must have existed at redshifts above 25.


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