scholarly journals Malnutrition and the Risk of Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Ryoko Sato
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Nutrition Interventions ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
Secondary Data Sources

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition among children not only affects their health consequences but also does it burden their households’ finance especially in developing countries. This study evaluates the household risk of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to malnutrition treatments among malnourished children in Nigeria, according to zones and wealth quintiles. We simulate the CHE risk among households with malnourished children who seek treatment.  METHODS: The CHE risk due to malnutrition among treated was computed based on 1) the out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and indirect costs associated with malnutrition treatment, and 2) household consumption expenditures. I derived the CHE risk associated with malnutrition across zones and wealth quintiles in Nigeria, using secondary data sources for healthcare utilization, OOP expenditures, and consumption expenditures. RESULTS: There was a large variation of CHE risk according to zones and wealth quintiles. Among the poorest households, those in northeast and northwest would have the highest risk of CHE, up to 59 and 47%, while those in southwest would have the lowest risk of 14%. For all zones, as the wealth increases, the CHE risk would decrease. There would be zero or very little CHE risk among the richest households in any zones. INTERPRETATION: Nutrition interventions will help malnourished children improve their health status. However, we should also be wary about the financial consequences of the treatment that households should bear.

scholarly journals Trends in out of pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditure in the Kyrgyz Republic post “Manas Taalimi” and  “Den Sooluk” health reforms, 2012 - 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Iamschikova ◽  
Roman Mogilevskii ◽  
Michael N Onah
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Health Reforms ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

Abstract Background: Over the years, the Kyrgyz Republic has implemented health reforms that target health financing with the aim of removing financial barriers to healthcare including out-of-pocket health payments (OOPPs). This study examines the trends in OOPPs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) post the “Manas Taalimi” and “Den Sooluk” health reforms. Methods: We used data from the Kyrgyzstan Integrated Household Surveys (2012 – 2018). Population-weighted descriptive statistics were used to examine the trends in OOPPs and CHE at three thresholds; 10 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata10), 25 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata25) and 40 percent of total household non-food consumption expenditure (Cata40). Panel and cross-sectional logistic regression with marginal effects were used to examine the predictors of Cata10 and Cata40. Findings: Between 2012 and 2018, OOPPs increased by about US $6 and inpatient costs placed the highest cost burden on users (US $13.6), followed by self-treatment (US $10.7), and outpatient costs (US $9). Medication continues to predominantly drive inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatment OOPPs. About 0.378 to 2.084 million people (6 – 33 percent) of the population incurred catastrophic health expenditure at the three thresholds between 2012 and 2018. Residing in households headed by a widowed or single head, or residing in rural regions, increases the likelihood of incurring catastrophic health expenditure. Conclusions: The initial gains in the reduction of OOPPs and catastrophic health expenditure appear to gradually erode since costs continue to increase after an initial decline and catastrophic health expenditure continues to rise unabated. This implies that households are increasingly incurring economic hardship from seeking healthcare. Considering that this could result to forgone expenditure on essential items including food and education, efforts should target the sustainability of these health reforms to sustain the reduction of catastrophic health payments and its dire consequences.

scholarly journals Trends in out of pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditure in the Kyrgyz Republic post “Manas Taalimi” and  “Den Sooluk” health reforms, 2012 - 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Iamschikova ◽  
Roman Mogilevskii ◽  
Michael N Onah
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Health Reforms ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

Abstract Background: Over the years, the Kyrgyz Republic has implemented health reforms that target health financing with the aim of removing financial barriers to healthcare including out-of-pocket health payments (OOPPs). This study examines the trends in OOPPs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) post the “Manas Taalimi” and “Den Sooluk” health reforms. Methods: We used data from the Kyrgyzstan Integrated Household Surveys (2012 – 2018). Population-weighted descriptive statistics were used to examine the trends in OOPPs and CHE at three thresholds; 10 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata10), 25 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata25) and 40 percent of total household non-food consumption expenditure (Cata40). Panel and cross-sectional logistic regression with marginal effects were used to examine the predictors of Cata10 and Cata40. Findings: Between 2012 and 2018, OOPPs increased by about US $6 and inpatient costs placed the highest cost burden on users (US $13.6), followed by self-treatment (US $10.7), and outpatient costs (US $9). Medication continues to predominantly drive inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatment OOPPs. About 0.378 to 2.084 million people (6 – 33 percent) of the population incurred catastrophic health expenditure at the three thresholds between 2012 and 2018. Residing in households headed by a widowed or single head, or residing in rural regions, increases the likelihood of incurring catastrophic health expenditure.Conclusions: The initial gains in the reduction of OOPPs and catastrophic health expenditure appear to gradually erode since costs continue to increase after an initial decline and catastrophic health expenditure continues to rise unabated. This implies that households are increasingly incurring economic hardship from seeking healthcare. Considering that this could result to forgone expenditure on essential items including food and education, efforts should target the sustainability of these health reforms to sustain the reduction of catastrophic health payments and its dire consequences.

scholarly journals Catastrophic spending on health care in Brazil: private health insurance does not seem to be the solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s254-s262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aluísio J. D. Barros ◽  
João Luiz Bastos ◽  
Andréa H. Dâmaso
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Vulnerability Indicators ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Country Analysis

The objective of this study was to estimate catastrophic healthcare expenditure in Brazil, using different definitions, and to identify vulnerability indicators. Data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey were used to derive total household consumption, health expenditure and household income. Socioeconomic position was defined by quintiles of the National Economic Indicator using reference cut-off points for the country. Analysis was restricted to urban households. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as expenditure in excess of 10% and 20% of total household consumption, and in excess of 40% of household capacity to pay. Catastrophic health expenditure varied from 2% to 16%, depending on the definition. For most definitions, it was highest among the poorer. The highest proportions of catastrophic health expenditure were found to be in the Central region of Brazil, while the South and the Southeast had the lowest. Presence of an elderly person, health insurance and socioeconomic position were associated with the outcome, and coverage by health insurance did not protect from catastrophic health expenditure.

scholarly journals Trends in Out of Pocket Payments and Catastrophic Health Expenditure in the Kyrgyz Republic Post the “Den Sooluk” Health Reform, 2012 - 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Iamschikova ◽  
Roman Mogilevskii ◽  
Michael N Onah
Keyword(s):  
Health Reform ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

Abstract Background: To examine the trends in out- of- pocket health payments (OOPPs) and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure post the “Den Sooluk” health reform, we used data from the Kyrgyzstan Integrated Household Survey (2012 – 2018). Methods: Population-weighted descriptive statistics were used to examine the trends in OOPPs and catastrophic health expenditure at three thresholds; 10 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata10), 25 percent of total household consumption expenditure (Cata25) and 40 percent of total household non-food consumption expenditure (Cata40). Panel and cross-sectional logistic regression with marginal effects were used to examine the predictors of Cata10 and Cata40. Findings: Between 2012 and 2018, OOPPs increased by about US $6 and inpatient costs placed the highest cost burden on users (US $13.6), followed by self-treatment (US $10.7), and outpatient costs (US $9). Medication continues to predominantly drive inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatment OOPPs. About 0.378 to 2.084 million people (6 – 33 percent) of the population incurred catastrophic health expenditure at the three thresholds between 2012 and 2018. Residing in households headed by a widowed or single head, or residing in rural regions, increases the likelihood of incurring catastrophic health expenditure.Conclusions: The initial progress in the reduction of OOPPs and catastrophic health expenditure gained appear to gradually erode since costs continue to increase after an initial decline and catastrophic health expenditure continues to rise unabated. Efforts needs to be made to check the rising out-of-pocket costs to enable a reduction in catastrophic health payments.

Kepemimpinan Demokratis Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Model Palangka Raya

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Shanty Bahar Ising ◽  
Mujiono Mujiono
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Democratic Leadership ◽  
Model State ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Conceptual Skills ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Teacher Trainer

This study aims to find out, describe and analyze the democratic leadership of the Principal in improving achievement at the Palangka Raya Model State Madrasah (MAN). The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The researcher wanted to describe the Principal's democratic leadership in improving achievement at the Palangka Raya Model State Islamic Senior High School (MAN). Primary data sources (person) are the Principal, Teachers (Teachers) and Students of MAN Model Palangka Raya. Whereas secondary data sources are the data in the Palangka Raya Model MAN and supporting literature. The results of the study show that the Principal's leadership in improving achievement in the Palangka Raya Model MAN is very democratic, this condition can be seen from: (1) Principals are happy to receive suggestions, opinions and even criticism from subordinates both delivered by students and teachers through suggestion boxes and in the teacher council meeting, (2) the Principal always strives to prioritize teamwork cooperation in an effort to achieve the goal by appointing the instructor teacher, trainer teacher and mentor teacher and conducting deliberation in planning, implementing and evaluating activities, (3) the Principal always tries to make subordinates more success than him, which is realized by including teachers in seminars, workshops, training and competitions so that they get achievements both locally and nationally, and (4) Principals always try to develop their personal capacity as good leaders in conceptual skills, human skill and technical skill.

FLOOD ADAPTIVE SETTLEMENTS TOWARDS URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE RIPARIAN OF MEUREUDU RIVER, ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Mirza Irwansyah ◽  
Cut Nursaniah ◽  
Laila Qadri
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Pattern Design ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Residential Pattern

Meureudu Riparian in the past was a place of a collective settlements; it was then developed  to become a Meureudu City in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Initially, it was formed as traditional fishermen settlements but now has shifted into semi-modern settlements. However, the settlements developed sporadically to form an unplanned pattern of settlements. This condition resulted in low maintaining river and non-adaptive existence of the dwellings with the environment. Floods occur repeatedly in the river that affected great lost to the community. This study aimed to propose residential pattern design and adaptive settlements with Meureudu River riparian. Easy access roads to markets will facilitate economy growth to the people. This will also cause large numbers of unbridled migrants to enter and build settlements. In this study the a combination of quantitative methods based on interview data and questionnaires and qualitative exploratory methods based on field observation were used. The data were collected through observation, field measurement and secondary data sources. The results show that the condition of settlements along the river basin do not reflect the culture of the river. In order not to further aggravate the condition of the settlement and its impact on the occupants, we recommended two types of houses, namely in the form of stage and non-stage. The stage houses are located on the riverfront with an orientation overlooking the river. Additionally, undersea area can be used as security from the puddle of river water runoff during the flood and as a garden area and public while dry­­, while at a distance of 100 meters from the river non-stage houses form would be built because the runoff of flood water no longer affects the occupancy.

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