scholarly journals Risk Communication under Conflicting Information: The Role of Confidence in Subjective Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Takashi Ishida ◽  
Atsushi Maruyama ◽  
Shinichi Kurihara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Switching Point ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Willingness To Purchase

In this study, we develop a model of food consumption with a focus on the subjectively assessed risk of consumers and their degree of confidence in their risk assessment and use it to examine consumer behavior in the chaotic situation created by the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. The data were collected in March 2012 using a mail survey for 1300 Japanese women, the primary food purchasers. The respondents were asked to evaluate the cancer risk of eating agricultural products, which were assumed to be grown in the affected area, despite meeting national regulatory standards for radioactive materials, as a measure of their risk assessment and willingness to purchase Fukushima beef. The results show that the effect of confidence in a consumer’s risk assessment on their behavior depends on the stated risk level: when stated risk is below an estimated critical value, termed the switching point, the risk perceived by a consumer without confidence exceeds that of one with confidence. On the other hand, perceived risk is inversely related to confidence when the stated risk exceeds the switching point.

scholarly journals An evaluation of risk-based monitoring in pragmatic trials in UK Clinical Trials Units

Trials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beever ◽  
Lizzie Swaby
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Good Clinical Practice ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Pragmatic Trials ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Good Clinical Practice guidelines issued in 2016 encourage risk-based approaches to monitoring clinical trials. This study compared current risk assessment and monitoring approaches in UK Clinical Trials Units (CTUs) with the published guidance and makes recommendations for risk-based monitoring in pragmatic trials. Methods An online survey of UK Clinical Research Collaboration registered CTUs was administered via email invitation. Forty-nine units were invited, and 23 responded. Respondents were also invited to share copies of risk assessment templates. Results Most CTUs reported using remote combined with on-site monitoring. All reported undertaking a risk assessment for Clinical Trials of Investigational Medicinal Products (CTIMPs) and 21 units did so for non-CTIMPs. Most CTIMP risk assessments used MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) classifications, although some also employed staff judgement. Almost all units based their monitoring on perceived risk level; this number was higher for CTIMPs (n = 22) than for non-CTIMPs (n = 19). In most cases, monitoring plans were produced. More CTUs revisited risk assessments during trials in CTIMPs (n = 21) than in non-CTIMPs (n = 18). Small numbers of units reviewed the monitoring approach always (n = 4) or sometimes (n = 9) and few used the reflection to guide future monitoring. Conclusions A high proportion of UK CTUs are using risk-based monitoring in the UK, as recommended by guidelines, for both CTIMPs and non-CTIMPs. This has the potential to make trials more efficient and reduce costs. However, there appears to be a lack of reflection on the value of these revised approaches. There may be a benefit in CTUs collaborating nationally to improve processes for reflection and making changes during the life course of a trial.

scholarly journals The Impact of Market Discipline on Banks’ Capital Adequacy: Evidence From an Emerging Economy

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Market Discipline ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study presents empirical support for the role of market discipline in augmenting bank capital ratios in a competitive banking environment. Using a panel dataset on domestic commercial banks in Pakistan from 2009 to 2014, the study determines if the market penalized banks for any increase in their risk profile through a rise in the cost of raising funds. The results point to a significant relationship between capital adequacy and other risk factors, with the cost of deposits demonstrating how depositors align the required return to the perceived risk level of the bank. These findings have important implications for policymakers as market discipline could complement the role of regulators, which would eventually lower the cost of supervision. Moreover, the focus of international reforms as seen through the implementation of Basel III should continue to be on developing a more competitive and transparent banking system.

Attributes of the Organizational Change and Its Influence on Attitudes Toward Organizational Change and Well-Being at Work: A Longitudinal Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-236
Author(s):  
Vanessa de Fátima Nery ◽  
Kettyplyn Sanches Franco ◽  
Elaine Rabelo Neiva
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Organization Change ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Negative Cognitions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Attitudes Toward Change ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the role of attributes of organizational change and attitudes toward change as antecedents of well-being at work and how these antecedents vary over the course of an organizational change. Drawing on cognitive theories (a) organization change planning, (b) perceived risk level, and (c) attitudes toward organizational change are examined as antecedents. Attitudes toward change have also been tested as mediators in the relationship between change attributes and well-being. Hypotheses are tested in a three-wave study of 505, 390, and 348 respondents in each wave, involving employees from a Brazilian public organization undergoing a strategic reorientation toward continuous improvement. Attitudes toward change had stable positive effects in each wave, conducted 12, 24, and 48 months after the change was initiated. This study corroborates the findings that uncertainty and risk contribute to the formation of negative cognitions and feelings throughout the process of organizational change but do not necessarily result in discomfort in relation to the work and the organization. The effects of both planning for the change and the perceived risk level were not moderated by time. The results of this study do not support the idea of gradual shifts and discontinuous information processing in employee’s cognitive models. On the contrary, it is possible to conclude that perceptions have been confirmed over time. Implications for managing employee reactions and well-being in different phases of change are discussed.

The Influence of the Phonetic Elements of a Name on Risk Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-145
Author(s):  
Keith A Botner ◽  
Arul Mishra ◽  
Himanshu Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Real World ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Product Evaluations ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Phonetic Symbolism ◽  
Product Service ◽  
The Given

Abstract The authors propose that the phonetic elements of a name affect risk perception. Specifically, they find that people prefer a name that evokes volatility when faced with a risky prospect, but prefer a name that evokes calmness when faced with a safe prospect. The authors posit that a volatile (vs. calm) prospect name results in more perceived fluctuations, and thus greater movement from, the given risk level. Therefore, a volatile prospect name results in a wider range of probabilities compared to a calm prospect name. The authors test the proposed effect and the role of the phonetic elements of a name using real-world data and controlled studies within diverse consumer domains (e.g., product evaluations, wagering, and branding). Findings contribute to the larger theoretical area of phonetic symbolism and provide guidance for practitioners trying to maximize preference for a given product, service, or policy.

Attributes of the Organizational Change and Its Influence on Attitudes Toward Organizational Change and Well-Being at Work: A Longitudinal Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-496
Author(s):  
Vanessa de Fátima Nery ◽  
Kettyplyn Sanches Franco ◽  
Elaine Rabelo Neiva
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Organization Change ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Negative Cognitions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Attitudes Toward Change ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the role of attributes of organizational change, the attitudes toward change as an antecedent of well-being at work, and how these antecedents vary over the course of an organizational change. Organization change planning, perceived risk level, and attitudes toward organizational change are examined as antecedents. Attitudes toward change were tested as mediators in the relationship between change attributes and well-being. Hypotheses were tested in a three-wave study ( N = 505, N = 390, and N = 348 respondents, respectively) of employees from a public organization in Brazil undergoing a strategic reorientation. Attitudes toward change had stable positive effects in each wave, conducted 12, 24, and 48 months after the change was initiated. This study corroborates findings that uncertainty and risk contribute to the formation of negative cognitions and feelings throughout the process of organizational change but do not necessarily result in discomfort in relation to the work. The effects of planning the change and the perceived risk level of the change were not moderated by time. This study’s results do not support the ideas of gradual shifts and discontinuous information processing in cognitive models of employees. In contrast, it is possible to conclude that perceptions are confirmed over time. Implications for managing employee reactions and well-being in different phases of change are discussed.

The role of omentin in inflammation and metabolic syndrome risk assessment in women with PCO-S

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Zieleń-Zynek ◽  
Joanna Kowalska ◽  
Nowak Justyna ◽  
Barbara Zubelewicz-Szkodzińska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome

Tax evasion in the medical profession An Empirical Study in the General Tax Authority in Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Ramyar Rzgar Ahmed ◽  
Hawkar Qasim Birdawod ◽  
S. Rabiyathul Basariya
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Medical Professions ◽  
Shed Light

The study dealt with tax evasion in the medical profession, where the problem was the existence of many cases of tax evasion, especially tax evasion in the income tax of medical professions. The aim of the study is to try to shed light on the phenomenon of tax evasion and the role of the tax authority in the development of controls and means that reduce the phenomenon of tax evasion. The most important results of the low level of tax awareness and lack of knowledge of the tax law and the unwillingness to read it and the sense of taxpayers unfairness of the tax all lead to an increase in cases of tax evasion and in suggested tightening control and follow-up on the offices of auditors, through the investigation and auditing The reports of certified accountants and the use of computers for this purpose in order to raise the degree of confidence in these reports and bring them closer to the required truth and coordination and cooperation with the Union of Accountants and Auditors and inform them about each case of violations of the auditors and accountants N because of its great influence in the rejection of the organization of the accounts and not to ratify fake accounts lead to show taxpayers accounts on a non-truth in order to tax evasion.

The prospects of occupational risk management during reforms of regulatory legislation basis

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim B. Alekseev ◽  
Nina V. Zaitseva ◽  
Pavel Z. Shur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Occupational Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Work Safety ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Legal Principles

Despite wide legislation basis of regulating relations in work safety and workers’ health, one third of workplaces demonstrate exceeded allowable normal levels of workers’ exposure to occupational hazards and present occupational risk for health disorders.In accordance to national legislation acts, evaluation should cover factors of occupational environment and working process, and occupational risk is understood in context of mandatory social insurance. This approach has been formed due to mostly compensatory trend in legal principles of work safety in Russia by now. Implementation of new preventive concept of work safety, based on idea of risk management for workers, necessitates development of legal acts that regulate requirements to evaluation of occupational risk and its reports with consideration of changes in Federal Law on 30 March 1999 №52 FZ “On sanitary epidemiologic well-being of population”.Those acts can include Sanitary Rules and Regulations “Evaluation of occupational risk for workers’ health”, that will contain main principles of risk assessment, requirements to risk assessment, including its characteristics which can serve as a basis of categorizing the risk levels with acceptability.To standardize requirements for informing a worker on the occupational risk, the expediency is specification of sanitary rules “Notifying a worker on occupational risk”. These rules should contain requirements: to a source of data on occupational risk level at workplace, to informational content and to ways of notifying the worker. Specification and implementation of the stated documents enable to fulfil legal requirements completely on work safety — that will provide preservation and increase of efficiency in using work resources.

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