scholarly journals Effects of Traditional Smoking Methods on the Concentrations of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Some Species of Smoked Fish Traded in Benue State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Ubwa ◽  
J. Abah ◽  
L. Tarzaa ◽  
R. L. Tyohemba ◽  
U. J. Ahile
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Improved Methods

<p>The effects of three traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fishes were studied. Samples of five different species of fish highly traded for immediate consumption were purchased from fishermen and processed using saw dust smoke, firewood smoke and charcoal smoke respectively. Some of the fresh fishes were also sun-dried and analyzed as control. The PAHs content were extracted with standard dichloromethane using solid-liquid extraction, and analyzed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that fish samples processed with saw dust smoke recorded the highest concentrations of total PAHs, ranging from 815.75 µg/kg to 1550.28 µg/kg, followed by firewood smoked samples with total PAHs content varying between 738.14 µg/kg to 994.09 µg/kg while charcoal smoked samples recorded the least total PAHs levels of 135.02 µg/kg to 614.42 µg/kg. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations of 5.68 µg/kg and 5.44 µg/kg respectively were detected in the samples of <em>Arius heude loti </em>and Mud minnow processed using saw dust smoke. The Benzo(a)pyrene levels exceeded the EC regulatory limit of 5 µg/kg. Because benzo(a)pyrene has been associated with intense carcinogenicity in humans, its levels recorded in the smoked <em>Arius heude loti </em>and Mud minnow may have implication for the quality and safety of these fish products. Therefore, it is imperative that regulatory bodies conduct awareness campaigns to educate both the smoked fish processors, traders and consumers on the need to discourage the use of saw dust in smoking fish and adopt safer and improved methods of smoking fishes.</p>

scholarly journals The Effects of Three Traditional Smoking Methods on the Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) in Smoked Fishes

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Aderinola Oluwatoyin Joseph ◽  
A. A. Adu ◽  
O. O. Babalola ◽  
V. Kusemiju ◽  
G. O. Mekuleyi
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Scomber Scombrus ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Solid Liquid

The effects of three traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fishes were studied to determine the concentration of PAHs in locally available and commonly consumed smoked fish species. Samples of two highly traded species of fish, Scomber scombrus and Horse markerel, among the low income people for immediate consumption were purchased from the market and processed using sawdust smoke, firewood smoke and charcoal smoke respectively. Some of the fresh fishes were also analyzed as control. The PAHs content were extracted with standard dichloromethane using solid-liquid extraction, and analyzed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that fish samples processed with sawdust smoke recorded the highest concentrations of total PAHs, having 1.295 mg/kg in Horse markerel and 2.020 mg/kg in Scomber scombrus, followed by firewood smoked samples with total PAHs content of 0.910mg/kg in Horse markrel and 1.175 g/kg in Scomber scombrus while charcoal smoked samples recorded the least total PAHs levels of 0.590 mg/kg in Horse markerel and 0.960 mg/kg in Scomber scombrus. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations which is usually used to estimate the carcinogenicity of other PAHs was below detection level in both species of fish. PAH4 was proposed by European food safety authority, recommendation level of 30 mg/kg was concluded by the EU regulation. Any PAHs have been associated with intense carcinogenicity in humans, and thus have implication for the quality and safety of these fish products. Therefore, it is imperative that regulatory bodies conduct awareness campaigns to educate the smoked fish processors, traders and consumers on the need to discourage the use of sawdust in smoking fish and adopt safer and improved methods of smoking fishes.

scholarly journals LEVELS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN FISH SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.U. Itodo ◽  
V.O. Nnodim ◽  
S. Ande ◽  
H.U. Itodo ◽  
O. Ofoegbu
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Petrogenic Source

Fish is easily contaminated from water prone to water pollution. In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish samples processed, using three methods and marketed in Makurdi, Benue state, were determined. The samples were coded as SF (Smoked Fish), SD (Sundried) and FD (fried) fish samples. PAHs in the samples were quantified, using gas chromatography – mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The Ʃ16PAH concentrations were in the range of 0.2- 10.0 mg/kg. Both LPAHs/HPAHs and the binary diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicated pyrogenic and petrogenic sources Ʃ16PAH and their dominant PAH ring-types were separately computed for each sample. The six-membered ring PAHs in smoked fish was 32.07% (with Bezo(ghi)perylene as most dominant). High levels of six member ring PAHs (Dibenz(a,h) anthracene) were also found in Sundried fish and fried fish contain Dibenz(a,h) anthracene. Generally, the PAHs concentrations in the samples, pointed more at pyrogenic than the petrogenic source. With exception of the five and six membered rings, estimated PAH levels were within the NAFDAC permissible limits.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment and Health Risk of Fish, Crab and Shrimp Around Atlas Cove, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwafunmilayo O. Olayinka ◽  
Adetomi Adeola Adewusi ◽  
Olanrewaju Olusoji Olujimi ◽  
Adeyinka Adedeji Aladesida
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Background. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic contaminants and pose health risks to humans and the ecosystem due to their persistence in the environment. Objectives. This study determined the concentrations of PAHs in sediment, two species of fish (Drepane africana and Pomadasys jubelini), crabs (Callinectes amnicola) and shrimps (Penaeus notialis) around the Atlas Cove jetty, Lagos, Nigeria. Methods. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from fish, shrimp, and crabs that were purchased from local fishermen. Sediments were collected at five locations impacted by ship movement and cargo offloading around the Atlas Cove jetty during the period of June to August 2016, using standard methods. Potential toxicity of PAHs in the sediments on the surrounding aquatic organisms was assessed. The PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Human health risk assessment was calculated from biota using dietary daily intake and carcinogenic potencies of individual PAH concentrations. Results. A total of 17 PAH congeners were detected in sediment samples and ten were detected in biota samples. Concentrations of total PAHs obtained in sediment and fish samples ranged from 2.15 - 36.46 mg/kg and 11.89 - 71.06 mg/kg, respectively. The total PAHs concentration pattern follow the order of P. notialis &gt; C. amnicola &gt; P. jubelini (whole) &gt; D. africana (whole) &gt; D. africana (fillet) &gt; P. jubelini (fillet) &gt; sediment. Concentrations of total PAHs were higher in whole fish than in fillet samples (muscle) in both fish species. High values of PAHs were recorded in the dietary intake (0.10 - 2.33 mg/kg body weight/day) of the organisms. Toxic equivalent quotient values (0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg) were observed to be higher than the screening values (0.0014 to 0.0599 mg/kg). In the muscle of Drepane africana and Pomadasys jubelini, splitting and atrophy of the muscle bundles were observed. Conclusions. The concentrations of PAHs in analyzed sediment and organisms were higher than the maximum permissible limit of the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Most of the detected PAHs were of petrogenic origin, which is an indication that anthropogenic activities were influencing PAH concentrations. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Solid–liquid phase equilibrium of 9-fluorenone and several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

2012 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Wei ◽  
Leping Dang ◽  
Xiangyang Zhang ◽  
Weimin Cui ◽  
Hongyuan Wei
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Solid Liquid

scholarly journals Critical Effects of Smoking Parameters on the Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Traditionally Smoked Fish and Meat Products in Finland

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirja Hokkanen ◽  
Ulla Luhtasela ◽  
Pirkko Kostamo ◽  
Tiina Ritvanen ◽  
Kimmo Peltonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Fish Products ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Smoke Generation ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Meat Samples

Eighty fish products and 62 meat products were sampled and analysed in Finland, in the year of 2012 for four marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) with an accredited gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In general, the determined PAH4 levels were relatively low and below the maximum levels. The mean concentrations of smoked fish samples were 0.7 μg·kg−1 for benzo[a]pyrene and 3.9 μg·kg−1 for the PAH4 sum, whereas in smoked meat samples, mean benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 sum levels were 2.2 μg·kg−1 and 11 μg·kg−1, respectively. However, PAH4 sum concentrations ranged from not detected to 200 µg·kg−1 particularly among meat products, underlining the importance of controlling the smoking process. In this study, the effect of selected smoking parameters, i.e., smoking technique (direct/indirect), smoking time (less than five hours/more than five hours), smoke generation temperature (optimised/nonoptimised), and the distance (less than five metres/more than five metres) between the food and the smoke source, confirmed the linkage between the smoking factors and the PAH4 levels formed in fish and meat products. As guidance for a safe smoking process, it was demonstrated that an indirect smoking technique, a shorter smoking time, an optimised smoke generation temperature, and a longer distance from the smoke source generated lower PAH concentrations in food products. However, while a shorter smoking time generated lower PAH levels in meat products, the levels in fish products were unexpectedly higher than in those smoked for a longer time. Other factors, such as the smoking type (cold smoking/warm or hot smoking) and the fish size, may have affected this result.

Concentrations of Some Lipophilic Chemicals in Fresh Water May Be Underestimated by Conventional Dichloromethane Extraction

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-598
Author(s):  
R. James Maguire ◽  
Michael E. Comba ◽  
Christina M. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Individual Pahs ◽  
Neutral Water ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract A re-analysis of water samples collected to determine the occurrence of lipophilic organochlorine chemicals, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six tributaries to Lake Ontario in 1997 to 1998 has shown relatively high concentrations of some of those chemicals in extracts of chromic acid-digested water after the water had been extracted at neutral pH. For organochlorine chemicals and PCBs the effect was dramatic—for some tributaries the sums of concentrations of the chemicals in the acidic extracts over all sampling dates were larger than the sums of concentrations of the chemicals in the (neutral) water plus suspended solids fraction that had been determined previously. In addition, some chemicals were found in the acidic extracts that were not found in the prior extracts of (neutral) water plus suspended solids. Although some individual PAHs were found at relatively high concentrations in the acidic extracts compared to extracts of (neutral) water plus suspended solids, in general the phenomenon was not significant for total PAHs. The implication of our finding is that conventional dichloromethane extraction of neutral (filtered) water and the suspended solids phases can significantly underestimate the concentrations of some lipophilic chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCBs in fresh water, leading to an underestimation of their loadings to aquatic ecosystems. However, it should be noted that the biological availability of chemicals that are only extractable after rigorous extraction of the water may be doubtful.

Multi-alkylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Tobacco Smoke: Separation and Identification

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Snook ◽  
R. F. Severson ◽  
R. F. Arrendale ◽  
H. C. Higman ◽  
O. T. Chortyk
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Condensate ◽  
Gas And Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Silicic Acid Chromatography ◽  
Derivatives Of

AbstractThe methyl, multi-methyl, and ethyl derivatives of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) were isolated from the neutrals by silicic acid chromatography, solvent partitioning and gel chromatography. The procedure yielded a relatively pure PAH isolate amenable to further identifications. The multi-alkylated PAH were concentrated in the early gel fractions with parent and higher ring PAH found in subsequent gel fractions. It was shown that CSC is very rich in alkylated PAH, and their successful identification required extensive use of gas and liquid chromatography and ultra-violet and GC - mass spectrometric techniques. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) separated individual isomers of the alkylated PAH in complex GC peaks. PAH from indene to pentamethylchrysene were found. This report concludes our identification studies on the PAH of CSC and complements our two previous reports in this journal. Collectively, our studies have identified approximately 1000 PAH of cigarette smoke condensate and have led to the development of methods for the routine quantitation of PAH in smalI quantities of cigarette smoke condensate.

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