scholarly journals The Effects of Three Traditional Smoking Methods on the Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) in Smoked Fishes

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Aderinola Oluwatoyin Joseph ◽  
A. A. Adu ◽  
O. O. Babalola ◽  
V. Kusemiju ◽  
G. O. Mekuleyi
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Scomber Scombrus ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Solid Liquid

The effects of three traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fishes were studied to determine the concentration of PAHs in locally available and commonly consumed smoked fish species. Samples of two highly traded species of fish, Scomber scombrus and Horse markerel, among the low income people for immediate consumption were purchased from the market and processed using sawdust smoke, firewood smoke and charcoal smoke respectively. Some of the fresh fishes were also analyzed as control. The PAHs content were extracted with standard dichloromethane using solid-liquid extraction, and analyzed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that fish samples processed with sawdust smoke recorded the highest concentrations of total PAHs, having 1.295 mg/kg in Horse markerel and 2.020 mg/kg in Scomber scombrus, followed by firewood smoked samples with total PAHs content of 0.910mg/kg in Horse markrel and 1.175 g/kg in Scomber scombrus while charcoal smoked samples recorded the least total PAHs levels of 0.590 mg/kg in Horse markerel and 0.960 mg/kg in Scomber scombrus. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations which is usually used to estimate the carcinogenicity of other PAHs was below detection level in both species of fish. PAH4 was proposed by European food safety authority, recommendation level of 30 mg/kg was concluded by the EU regulation. Any PAHs have been associated with intense carcinogenicity in humans, and thus have implication for the quality and safety of these fish products. Therefore, it is imperative that regulatory bodies conduct awareness campaigns to educate the smoked fish processors, traders and consumers on the need to discourage the use of sawdust in smoking fish and adopt safer and improved methods of smoking fishes.

scholarly journals Effects of Traditional Smoking Methods on the Concentrations of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Some Species of Smoked Fish Traded in Benue State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Ubwa ◽  
J. Abah ◽  
L. Tarzaa ◽  
R. L. Tyohemba ◽  
U. J. Ahile
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Improved Methods

<p>The effects of three traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fishes were studied. Samples of five different species of fish highly traded for immediate consumption were purchased from fishermen and processed using saw dust smoke, firewood smoke and charcoal smoke respectively. Some of the fresh fishes were also sun-dried and analyzed as control. The PAHs content were extracted with standard dichloromethane using solid-liquid extraction, and analyzed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that fish samples processed with saw dust smoke recorded the highest concentrations of total PAHs, ranging from 815.75 µg/kg to 1550.28 µg/kg, followed by firewood smoked samples with total PAHs content varying between 738.14 µg/kg to 994.09 µg/kg while charcoal smoked samples recorded the least total PAHs levels of 135.02 µg/kg to 614.42 µg/kg. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations of 5.68 µg/kg and 5.44 µg/kg respectively were detected in the samples of <em>Arius heude loti </em>and Mud minnow processed using saw dust smoke. The Benzo(a)pyrene levels exceeded the EC regulatory limit of 5 µg/kg. Because benzo(a)pyrene has been associated with intense carcinogenicity in humans, its levels recorded in the smoked <em>Arius heude loti </em>and Mud minnow may have implication for the quality and safety of these fish products. Therefore, it is imperative that regulatory bodies conduct awareness campaigns to educate both the smoked fish processors, traders and consumers on the need to discourage the use of saw dust in smoking fish and adopt safer and improved methods of smoking fishes.</p>

scholarly journals LEVELS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN FISH SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.U. Itodo ◽  
V.O. Nnodim ◽  
S. Ande ◽  
H.U. Itodo ◽  
O. Ofoegbu
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Petrogenic Source

Fish is easily contaminated from water prone to water pollution. In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish samples processed, using three methods and marketed in Makurdi, Benue state, were determined. The samples were coded as SF (Smoked Fish), SD (Sundried) and FD (fried) fish samples. PAHs in the samples were quantified, using gas chromatography – mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The Ʃ16PAH concentrations were in the range of 0.2- 10.0 mg/kg. Both LPAHs/HPAHs and the binary diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicated pyrogenic and petrogenic sources Ʃ16PAH and their dominant PAH ring-types were separately computed for each sample. The six-membered ring PAHs in smoked fish was 32.07% (with Bezo(ghi)perylene as most dominant). High levels of six member ring PAHs (Dibenz(a,h) anthracene) were also found in Sundried fish and fried fish contain Dibenz(a,h) anthracene. Generally, the PAHs concentrations in the samples, pointed more at pyrogenic than the petrogenic source. With exception of the five and six membered rings, estimated PAH levels were within the NAFDAC permissible limits.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment and Health Risk of Fish, Crab and Shrimp Around Atlas Cove, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwafunmilayo O. Olayinka ◽  
Adetomi Adeola Adewusi ◽  
Olanrewaju Olusoji Olujimi ◽  
Adeyinka Adedeji Aladesida
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Background. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic contaminants and pose health risks to humans and the ecosystem due to their persistence in the environment. Objectives. This study determined the concentrations of PAHs in sediment, two species of fish (Drepane africana and Pomadasys jubelini), crabs (Callinectes amnicola) and shrimps (Penaeus notialis) around the Atlas Cove jetty, Lagos, Nigeria. Methods. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from fish, shrimp, and crabs that were purchased from local fishermen. Sediments were collected at five locations impacted by ship movement and cargo offloading around the Atlas Cove jetty during the period of June to August 2016, using standard methods. Potential toxicity of PAHs in the sediments on the surrounding aquatic organisms was assessed. The PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Human health risk assessment was calculated from biota using dietary daily intake and carcinogenic potencies of individual PAH concentrations. Results. A total of 17 PAH congeners were detected in sediment samples and ten were detected in biota samples. Concentrations of total PAHs obtained in sediment and fish samples ranged from 2.15 - 36.46 mg/kg and 11.89 - 71.06 mg/kg, respectively. The total PAHs concentration pattern follow the order of P. notialis &gt; C. amnicola &gt; P. jubelini (whole) &gt; D. africana (whole) &gt; D. africana (fillet) &gt; P. jubelini (fillet) &gt; sediment. Concentrations of total PAHs were higher in whole fish than in fillet samples (muscle) in both fish species. High values of PAHs were recorded in the dietary intake (0.10 - 2.33 mg/kg body weight/day) of the organisms. Toxic equivalent quotient values (0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg) were observed to be higher than the screening values (0.0014 to 0.0599 mg/kg). In the muscle of Drepane africana and Pomadasys jubelini, splitting and atrophy of the muscle bundles were observed. Conclusions. The concentrations of PAHs in analyzed sediment and organisms were higher than the maximum permissible limit of the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Most of the detected PAHs were of petrogenic origin, which is an indication that anthropogenic activities were influencing PAH concentrations. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Critical Effects of Smoking Parameters on the Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Traditionally Smoked Fish and Meat Products in Finland

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirja Hokkanen ◽  
Ulla Luhtasela ◽  
Pirkko Kostamo ◽  
Tiina Ritvanen ◽  
Kimmo Peltonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Fish Products ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Smoke Generation ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Meat Samples

Eighty fish products and 62 meat products were sampled and analysed in Finland, in the year of 2012 for four marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) with an accredited gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In general, the determined PAH4 levels were relatively low and below the maximum levels. The mean concentrations of smoked fish samples were 0.7 μg·kg−1 for benzo[a]pyrene and 3.9 μg·kg−1 for the PAH4 sum, whereas in smoked meat samples, mean benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 sum levels were 2.2 μg·kg−1 and 11 μg·kg−1, respectively. However, PAH4 sum concentrations ranged from not detected to 200 µg·kg−1 particularly among meat products, underlining the importance of controlling the smoking process. In this study, the effect of selected smoking parameters, i.e., smoking technique (direct/indirect), smoking time (less than five hours/more than five hours), smoke generation temperature (optimised/nonoptimised), and the distance (less than five metres/more than five metres) between the food and the smoke source, confirmed the linkage between the smoking factors and the PAH4 levels formed in fish and meat products. As guidance for a safe smoking process, it was demonstrated that an indirect smoking technique, a shorter smoking time, an optimised smoke generation temperature, and a longer distance from the smoke source generated lower PAH concentrations in food products. However, while a shorter smoking time generated lower PAH levels in meat products, the levels in fish products were unexpectedly higher than in those smoked for a longer time. Other factors, such as the smoking type (cold smoking/warm or hot smoking) and the fish size, may have affected this result.

Contamination of smoked fish and smoked-dried fish with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biogenic amines and risk assessment for the Beninese consumers

Food Control ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 108089
Author(s):  
Ogouyôm Herbert Iko Afé ◽  
Claude Saegerman ◽  
Yénoukounmè Euloge Kpoclou ◽  
Caroline Douny ◽  
Ahmed Igout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Dried Fish

Microbial Properties and Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Contaminated Farmland Soil with Bioremediation

2014 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Hai Bo Li ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Ji Fu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Microbial Properties ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Farmland Soil ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Microbial Agent

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microbial quantity were investigated in aged PAHs-contaminated soil in a pot experiment with regrass and alfalfa. After 60 days germination the concentration of total PAHs in soil decreased by 37.57% and 38.41% with the treatment of ryegrass-microbe agent and alfalfa-microbe agent. The processes of ryegrass and alfalfa were 18.72% and 19.34%. The root system promoted the quantity of microbe and the microbial agent was benefit for the PAHs degrading microbe. And there was significant positive correlation between the number of PAHs degrading microorganisms and the removal rate of PAHs in the soil.

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