Concentrations of Some Lipophilic Chemicals in Fresh Water May Be Underestimated by Conventional Dichloromethane Extraction

Abstract A re-analysis of water samples collected to determine the occurrence of lipophilic organochlorine chemicals, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six tributaries to Lake Ontario in 1997 to 1998 has shown relatively high concentrations of some of those chemicals in extracts of chromic acid-digested water after the water had been extracted at neutral pH. For organochlorine chemicals and PCBs the effect was dramatic—for some tributaries the sums of concentrations of the chemicals in the acidic extracts over all sampling dates were larger than the sums of concentrations of the chemicals in the (neutral) water plus suspended solids fraction that had been determined previously. In addition, some chemicals were found in the acidic extracts that were not found in the prior extracts of (neutral) water plus suspended solids. Although some individual PAHs were found at relatively high concentrations in the acidic extracts compared to extracts of (neutral) water plus suspended solids, in general the phenomenon was not significant for total PAHs. The implication of our finding is that conventional dichloromethane extraction of neutral (filtered) water and the suspended solids phases can significantly underestimate the concentrations of some lipophilic chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCBs in fresh water, leading to an underestimation of their loadings to aquatic ecosystems. However, it should be noted that the biological availability of chemicals that are only extractable after rigorous extraction of the water may be doubtful.

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Effects of Traditional Smoking Methods on the Concentrations of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Some Species of Smoked Fish Traded in Benue State, Nigeria

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v4n2p119 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 119 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. T. Ubwa ◽

J. Abah ◽

L. Tarzaa ◽

R. L. Tyohemba ◽

U. J. Ahile

Keyword(s):

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

Smoked Fish ◽

Saw Dust ◽

Total Pahs ◽

Fish Samples ◽

Regulatory Bodies ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Improved Methods

The effects of three traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fishes were studied. Samples of five different species of fish highly traded for immediate consumption were purchased from fishermen and processed using saw dust smoke, firewood smoke and charcoal smoke respectively. Some of the fresh fishes were also sun-dried and analyzed as control. The PAHs content were extracted with standard dichloromethane using solid-liquid extraction, and analyzed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that fish samples processed with saw dust smoke recorded the highest concentrations of total PAHs, ranging from 815.75 µg/kg to 1550.28 µg/kg, followed by firewood smoked samples with total PAHs content varying between 738.14 µg/kg to 994.09 µg/kg while charcoal smoked samples recorded the least total PAHs levels of 135.02 µg/kg to 614.42 µg/kg. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations of 5.68 µg/kg and 5.44 µg/kg respectively were detected in the samples of Arius heude loti and Mud minnow processed using saw dust smoke. The Benzo(a)pyrene levels exceeded the EC regulatory limit of 5 µg/kg. Because benzo(a)pyrene has been associated with intense carcinogenicity in humans, its levels recorded in the smoked Arius heude loti and Mud minnow may have implication for the quality and safety of these fish products. Therefore, it is imperative that regulatory bodies conduct awareness campaigns to educate both the smoked fish processors, traders and consumers on the need to discourage the use of saw dust in smoking fish and adopt safer and improved methods of smoking fishes.

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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Selected Dumpsites in Abeokuta Metropolis, SW, Nigeria

Applied Environmental Research ◽

10.35762/aer.2015.37.3.3 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 33-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olufunmilayo O. Olayinka ◽

Oludare H. Adedeji ◽

Ayodele R. Ipeaiyeda

Keyword(s):

Endocrine Disruption ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Isomer Ratio ◽

Dump Site ◽

Total Pahs ◽

Dutch Guideline ◽

Ogun State ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Individual Pahs

Knowledge of the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in urban soils remains insufficient in developing countries like Nigeria despite their toxic effects and suspected human carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruption. This study aimed to determine the concentration of PAHs in soil of three dumpsites in Abeokuta metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. Concentrations of individual PAHs were determined using Gas Chromatography Flame Ioni-zation Detector (GC-FID). The total PAHs concentrations at 0-15 cm depth were 29.0 mg kg-1, 41.6 mg kg-1 and 11.9 mg kg-1 for Igbore, Saje and Alogi dumpsites respectively while the corres-ponding total PAHs concentrations at 15-30 cm depth were 9.3 mg kg-1, 28.3 mg kg-1 and 11.0 mgkg-1respectively. These concentrations were slightly lower than the Dutch guideline limits of 40 mg kg-1 except for that of Saje at 0-15 cm depth. The amounts of fluoranthene at Igbore dumpsite in the two depths were 23.64 mg kg-1 and 8.02 mg kg-1, with a total sum of 10 PAHs compounds of 19.12 mg kg-1. The results showed that the highest concentration of a single PAHs compound was at Saje dump-site with fluoranthene value of 33.75 mg kg-1 and 22.74 mg kg-1 at the depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm respectively. Isomer ratio for fluoranthene/pyrene was 2.69 at Alogi dumpsite, which suggested that the PAHs were from pyrogenic sources. Carcinogenic PAHs constituted about 1.29-15.69 % of the total PAHs detected in the dumpsite raising concerns of human exposure through the food chain.

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Solvent Effects on Response Factors for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determined by Capillary Gas Chromatography Using Splitless Injections

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/70.5.929 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 929-930

Author(s):

Hing-Biu Lee ◽

Richard Szawiola ◽

Alfred S Y Chau

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Solvent Effects ◽

Capillary Gas Chromatography ◽

Capillary Column ◽

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Transfer Efficiency ◽

Response Factors ◽

Individual Pahs ◽

Capillary Column Gas Chromatography

Abstract When standard solutions of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography using splitless injections, response factors were observed to be dependent on the solvent used to prepare the standard. This report presents the response factors for 16 individual PAHs in 5 commonly used solvents: acetonitrile, methanol, toluene, isooctane, and cyclohexane. To minimize quantitation errors due to differences in transfer efficiency, samples and standards of PAHs should be prepared in the same solvent

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Bioaccessibility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Grilled Meat: The Effects of Meat Doneness and Fat Content

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19020736 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 736

Author(s):

Elliyana Nadia Hamidi ◽

Parvaneh Hajeb ◽

Jinap Selamat ◽

Soo Yee Lee ◽

Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

High Performance ◽

Fat Content ◽

Cooking Time ◽

Total Pahs ◽

Positive Linear Correlation ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Individual Pahs ◽

Meat Samples

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through diet is gaining concern due to the risk it poses to human health. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of PAHs contained in charcoal-grilled beef and chicken in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with regard to the degree of doneness and fat content of the meats. The levels of 15 PAHs in the grilled meat samples and bioaccessible fractions were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with PAH column, and UV and fluorescence detectors. Total PAHs were found in beef (30.73 ng/g) and chicken (70.93 ng/g) before its digestion, and different PAHs’ bioaccessibility were observed in the different segments of GIT, with the highest in the stomach followed by the small intestine, despite the relatively higher bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in grilled beef as compared to those in grilled chicken. Additionally, the PAHs’ bioaccessibility increased with the increase in the degree of doneness. Positive linear correlation was observed for the PAHs’ bioaccessibility and the fat contents of grilled meat. Overall, this study highlights the influence of meat doneness (cooking time) and fat contents on the bioaccessibility and bioaccumulation of PAHs.

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Multi-alkylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Tobacco Smoke: Separation and Identification

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0452 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. E. Snook ◽

R. F. Severson ◽

R. F. Arrendale ◽

H. C. Higman ◽

O. T. Chortyk

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Gel Chromatography ◽

Cigarette Smoke Condensate ◽

Gas And Liquid Chromatography ◽

Silicic Acid Chromatography ◽

Derivatives Of

AbstractThe methyl, multi-methyl, and ethyl derivatives of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) were isolated from the neutrals by silicic acid chromatography, solvent partitioning and gel chromatography. The procedure yielded a relatively pure PAH isolate amenable to further identifications. The multi-alkylated PAH were concentrated in the early gel fractions with parent and higher ring PAH found in subsequent gel fractions. It was shown that CSC is very rich in alkylated PAH, and their successful identification required extensive use of gas and liquid chromatography and ultra-violet and GC - mass spectrometric techniques. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) separated individual isomers of the alkylated PAH in complex GC peaks. PAH from indene to pentamethylchrysene were found. This report concludes our identification studies on the PAH of CSC and complements our two previous reports in this journal. Collectively, our studies have identified approximately 1000 PAH of cigarette smoke condensate and have led to the development of methods for the routine quantitation of PAH in smalI quantities of cigarette smoke condensate.

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Spectrophotometry Measurement of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hamilton Harbour Sediments

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1991.001 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T.P. Murphy ◽

H. Brouwer ◽

M.E. Fox ◽

E. Nagy

Keyword(s):

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Sediment Cores ◽

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Near Surface ◽

Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Hamilton Harbour

Abstract Eighty-one sediment cores were collected to determine the extent of coal tar contamination in a toxic area of Hamilton Harbour. Over 800 samples were analyzed by a UV spectrophotometric technique that was standardized with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The coal tar distribution was variable. The highest concentrations were near the Stelco outfalls and the Hamilton-Wentworth combined sewer outfalls. The total concentration of the 16 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 48,300 m3 of near-surface sediments exceeded 200 µg/g.

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Potential Contribution of Nutrients and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Creeks of Cootes Paradise Marsh

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1996.028 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 485-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Patricia Chow-Fraser ◽

Barb Crosbie ◽

Douglas Bryant ◽

Brian McCarry

Keyword(s):

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Common Source ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Engine Combustion ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Derivatives Of

Abstract During the summer of 1994, we compared the physical and nutrient characteristics of the three main tributaries of Cootes Paradise: Spencer, Chedoke and Borer’s creeks. On all sampling occasions, concentrations of CHL α and nutrients were always lowest in Borer’s Creek and highest in Chedoke Creek. There were generally 10-fold higher CHL α concentrations and 2 to 10 times higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chedoke Creek compared with Spencer Creek. Despite this, the light environment did not differ significantly between Spencer and Chedoke creeks because the low algal biomass in Spencer Creek was balanced by a relatively high loading of inorganic sediments from the watershed. Laboratory experiments indicated that sediments from Chedoke Creek released up to 10 µg/g of soluble phosphorus per gram (dry weight) of sediment, compared with only 2 µg/g from Spencer Creek. By contrast, sediment samples from Spencer Creek contained levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that were as high as or higher than those from Chedoke Creek, and much higher than those found in Borer’s Creek. The distribution of normalized PAH concentrations suggests a common source of PAHs in all three tributaries, most likely automobile exhaust, since there were high concentrations of fluoranthene and pyrene, both of which are derivatives of engine combustion.

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