scholarly journals Can REDD+ Bring Equitable Benefit to the Marginalized Communities? Insights from Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Anar Koli ◽  
Md. Rakibul Hasan Khan
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
Marginal Forest

Despite promising win-win outcomes of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) program, how and to what extent it can bring real opportunities to forest communities remains debatable. Focusing on inequality and land tenure insecurity in Bangladesh, this study aims to find out whether and to what extent REDD+ can ensure equitable benefits and opportunities for the forest communities in an ethnic conflict area. Based on qualitative case studies on two types of community forest management (CFM) experiences in Bangladesh, the study finds that the distribution of various costs, benefits, and access to forest participation remain highly unequal among different groups within the communities. The existing institutional settings were not able to bring adequate opportunities for the marginal forest people to face the dominant power relation and bring equitable share for them. This study argues that without ensuring the decision-making space for marginalized groups, and without substantial changes towards the tenure complexity, the emerging REDD+ initiatives in Bangladesh can strengthen the dominant power and subsequently intensify the vulnerability of the marginalized people. A careful analysis of how weak institutions are helping to perpetuate inequality can thus help us to understand future risks of CFM–REDD+ relations.

Forest tenure and rights: a constraint to community forest management in Cameroon and the REDD+ initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
E. A. Enow ◽  
T. O. Egute ◽  
E. Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Forest Practices ◽  
Forest Tenure

The link between Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, with the enhancement of forest carbon stock (REDD+) and Community Forest Management (CFM) as a necessary local action on the forest, is continuously being challenged. CFM has been a suitable option in achieving sustainable forest practices in the tropics. The factors that contribute to its success will likely contribute to the success of REDD+ programs in Cameroon. Nevertheless, the opportunity and challenges in integrating the two concepts to achieve the objectives require careful analysis, considering the challenges facing the country’s tenure system. This article makes use of an in-depth content analysis of several documents concerning the subject matter and tries to examine the extent to which forest tenure and rights are a constraint to CFM in Cameroon and the REDD+ Initiative and assess how these concepts can work together to achieve sustainable forest management and a reduction in deforestation and forest degradation. The assessment shows several bottlenecks and discrepancies concerning tenure rights in the community forest and carbon rights when it concerns incentive-based benefit-sharing mechanisms under the REDD+ process. It reveals that the state may likely maintain centralization of forest tenure if the issues are not clarified. The article concludes with a proposal of an urgent need for domestic legal reforms to secure forest protection achieve the objectives of international forest policy initiatives like REDD+.

scholarly journals Discourses of FLEGT and REDD + Regimes in Cameroon: A Nongovernmental Organization and International Development Agency Perspectives

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Mbatu
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Environmental Negotiations ◽  
Critical Issues

This paper applies the international environmental negotiations framework (IENF) and the multiple streams framework (MSF) to analyze the influence of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Development Agencies (IDAs) in the development and implementation of the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade agreement (FLEGT) and the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) regimes in Cameroon. Deforestation, forest degradation, and illegal logging are critical issues in forest management in many forest-rich countries around the world. In attempt to curtail illegal logging, global forest governance in the past few years has witnessed the development of a number of timber legality regimes including FLEGT. In the same light, the international community has recently seen the emergence of the REDD+ regime to fight against global warming and climate change. Based on sixty-eight interviews in Cameroon with representatives of NGOs and IDAs, government officials, the timber industry, and members of forest communities, as well as eleven informal conversations, and more than sixty documents, the paper finds that NGO and IDA influence on the FLEGT and REDD+ regimes in Cameroon has been growing in three areas: stakeholder participation, project development, and institutional development. Thus, the increasing influence of NGOs and IDAs will pave the way for future interventions on social, cultural, economic, and environmental issues, including land tenure, carbon rights, benefit distribution, equity, Free, Prior and Informed consent, legality, and stakeholder process, related to the FLEGT and REDD+ regimes in Cameroon.

Sustaining Southeast Asia’s Forests: Community, Institution and Forest Governance in Thailand

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyapriya Rout
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Institutional Performance ◽  
Community Institution ◽  
External Assistance ◽  
Local Commons ◽  
Institutional Analysis And Development

The article examines the process of community’s involvement in protection and management of its local forests resources in Thailand. It attempts to examine the role played by the institution in providing a sustainable solution to the problems of deforestation and forest degradation. The article is based upon qualitative data gathered from three cases of community forest management (CFM) from Kanchanaburi, Lampang and Lamphun provinces of Thailand. The analysis is based on Elinor Ostrom’s framework of Institutional Analysis and Development, and empirically examines the rule configurations associated with sustainable governance of local commons resources. The article highlights that along with a robust institutional design at the local level, two other factors such as availability of external assistance and legal backup by the state, create favourable conditions which enhance the institutional performance in commons governance.

scholarly journals National REDD+ outcompetes gold and logging: the potential of cleaning profit chains.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Overman ◽  
Anthony R Cummings ◽  
Jeffrey B Luzar ◽  
José M V Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
National Society

While the potential contribution of a nationally implemented program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) to developing countries’ budgets remains as yet obscure, two general concerns are that REDD+ will i) incentivize land grabbing and ii) remain financially uncompetitive against current commercial forest uses. However, based on data from Guyana’s, United Nations-approved, Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) submission and national documents, we found that i) national REDD+ appears not to place value on forest, but financial penalties on forest damage, and ii) would be competitive when viewed from the perspective of the owner of the natural resources (national society), even against high value commodities such as gold and timber (the country’s main emission drivers), and at an intermediate US$5 carbon price. Hidden by the latter is a very skewed sharing of net revenue between the state and private sector supply chains (~1:99). Weak law enforcement, common across the tropics, enhances skewed sharing, and linked political leverage likely undermines any plans that would interfere with private income streams, including rural development, land tenure and conservation plans. We suggest that government or electorate pressure towards more equitable revenue sharing, i.e. ‘cleaning profit chains’, would both be justified and worthwhile, and unlikely to produce job losses. Investing this homegrown finance in better management and law enforcement of finite natural resources (under REDD+, including forests) could return significant REDD+ income while mitigating climate change and aiding rights of forest-dependent livelihoods. Along with cleaning supply chains and moving commodities out of natural forest areas, assessing and cleaning private profit chains may more generally be a promising approach for REDD+ and climate mitigation goals, along with its many associated social and environmental co-benefits.

scholarly journals National REDD+ outcompetes gold and logging: the potential of cleaning profit chains.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Overman ◽  
Anthony R Cummings ◽  
Jeffrey B Luzar ◽  
José M V Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
National Society

While the potential contribution of a nationally implemented program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) to developing countries’ budgets remains as yet obscure, two general concerns are that REDD+ will i) incentivize land grabbing and ii) remain financially uncompetitive against current commercial forest uses. However, based on data from Guyana’s, United Nations-approved, Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) submission and national documents, we found that i) national REDD+ appears not to place value on forest, but financial penalties on forest damage, and ii) would be competitive when viewed from the perspective of the owner of the natural resources (national society), even against high value commodities such as gold and timber (the country’s main emission drivers), and at an intermediate US$5 carbon price. Hidden by the latter is a very skewed sharing of net revenue between the state and private sector supply chains (~1:99). Weak law enforcement, common across the tropics, enhances skewed sharing, and linked political leverage likely undermines any plans that would interfere with private income streams, including rural development, land tenure and conservation plans. We suggest that government or electorate pressure towards more equitable revenue sharing, i.e. ‘cleaning profit chains’, would both be justified and worthwhile, and unlikely to produce job losses. Investing this homegrown finance in better management and law enforcement of finite natural resources (under REDD+, including forests) could return significant REDD+ income while mitigating climate change and aiding rights of forest-dependent livelihoods. Along with cleaning supply chains and moving commodities out of natural forest areas, assessing and cleaning private profit chains may more generally be a promising approach for REDD+ and climate mitigation goals, along with its many associated social and environmental co-benefits.

scholarly journals The REDD+ Readiness Stage in Myanmar: Stakeholder Perspectives in Bago Region and Shan State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Thi Thi Han
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Governance ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

<p>REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) is a UN initiative, originally introduced in 2005. The initiative seeks to decrease losses to remaining global forests and other carbon stocks by providing financial incentives to various stakeholder groups in developing countries. The initiative has been controversial, with a wide range of different perspectives on the programme and its implications for forest governance and climate change mitigation. Nonetheless, international and local actors are optimistic about REDD+ as a means to reduce carbon emissions. The Government of Myanmar introduced the initiative to the country in 2011. Myanmar is currently in the readiness phase of REDD+ and, because there are issues surrounding its implication for forest governance, this thesis explores how this phase is playing out in the country. The overarching research objective of this thesis is to explore how Myanmar is approaching the readiness phase of REDD+, and how different stakeholders engage with the readiness activities.  This study adopts a post-structuralist political ecology approach for two reasons. Firstly, it enabled a broad and nuanced exploration of political, social, economic and cultural factors that shape readiness activities, and forest management in Myanmar. As Myanmar is democratising and liberalising its economy, the country’s unique political and economic situation provides context on how these factors shape the initial stage of the REDD+ implementation process. Secondly, post-structuralist political ecology examines meaning making and thus sheds light on how individuals perceive the REDD+ initiative in Myanmar.  The findings from 11 semi-structured interviews and participant-observations show that people are optimistic and enthusiastic about REDD+ implementation but perceive and understand the initiative differently. There are many challenges to introducing REDD+ in Myanmar. This study highlights some issues including stakeholders’ awareness, poor coordination among stakeholders – especially between government agencies – and general issues of transparency. One of the central findings that has pervaded all themes discussed is a lack of transparency in relation to governance arrangements, land tenure, and relationships between stakeholders. If REDD+ is to progress successfully beyond the readiness phase in Myanmar, significant changes need to be made by the central government to ensure clear lines of communication and transparency of information.</p>

scholarly journals Deforestation and Forest Degradation Due to Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: A 34-Year Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Caballero Espejo ◽  
Max Messinger ◽  
Francisco Román-Dañobeytia ◽  
Cesar Ascorra ◽  
Luis Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Deforestation Rates ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Social And Environmental Impacts

While deforestation rates decline globally they are rising in the Western Amazon. Artisanal-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a large cause of this deforestation and brings with it extensive environmental, social, governance, and public health impacts, including large carbon emissions and mercury pollution. Underlying ASGM is a broad network of factors that influence its growth, distribution, and practices such as poverty, flows of legal and illegal capital, conflicting governance, and global economic trends. Despite its central role in land use and land cover change in the Western Amazon and the severity of its social and environmental impacts, it is relatively poorly studied. While ASGM in Southeastern Peru has been quantified previously, doing so is difficult due to the heterogeneous nature of the resulting landscape. Using a novel approach to classify mining that relies on a fusion of CLASlite and the Global Forest Change dataset, two Landsat-based deforestation detection tools, we sought to quantify ASGM-caused deforestation in the period 1984–2017 in the southern Peruvian Amazon and examine trends in the geography, methods, and impacts of ASGM across that time. We identify nearly 100,000 ha of deforestation due to ASGM in the 34-year study period, an increase of 21% compared to previous estimates. Further, we find that 10% of that deforestation occurred in 2017, the highest annual amount of deforestation in the study period, with 53% occurring since 2011. Finally, we demonstrate that not all mining is created equal by examining key patterns and changes in ASGM activity and techniques through time and space. We discuss their connections with, and impacts on, socio-economic factors, such as land tenure, infrastructure, international markets, governance efforts, and social and environmental impacts.

scholarly journals REDD+ Conflict: Understanding the Pathways between Forest Projects and Social Conflict

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 748
Author(s):  
Rowan Alumasa Alusiola ◽  
Janpeter Schilling ◽  
Paul Klär
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Forest Governance ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
New Forest ◽  
Key Events ◽  
And Control

A growing body of literature analyses the conflict implications of REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries). However, the way these conflicts unfold is little understood. We address this research gap through the following question: What are the pathways that connect REDD+ projects and conflicts between local communities and other actors? We review 242 scientific articles, selecting eight that allow us to trace how the conflict pathways unfolded. We draw on a political ecology perspective and conceptualize ‘conflict pathway’ as an interaction of key events and drivers leading to conflict. We find six main conflict drivers: (1) injustices and restrictions over (full) access and control of forest resources; (2) creation of new forest governance structures that change relationships between stakeholders and the forest; (3) exclusion of community members from comprehensive project participation; (4) high project expectations that are not met; (5) changes in land tenure policy due to migrants, and (6) the aggravation of historic land tenure conflicts. Evictions from forests, acts of violence, and lawsuits are among the events contributing to the conflict pathways. To prevent them, the rights, livelihoods, and benefits of local communities need to be placed at the centre of the REDD+ projects.

scholarly journals Private Forest Management in Tulang Bawang Barat

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Early Anatika ◽  
Hari Kaskoyo ◽  
Indra Gumay Febryano ◽  
Irwan Sukri Banuwa
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private Forest Management

Community forests have important values for rural communities. The purpose of this study is to determine the social and economic characteristics of the community that affect community forest management in Tulang Bawang Barat Regency. The study was conducted for 2 months in August to September 2016 in the Tulang Bawang Barat Regency, Lampung Povince. Data was collected by field observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The total number of respondents in this study was 50 respondents of community forest farmers who were taken purposively. To describe the social and economic conditions of the respondents, as well as analyze the characteristics and practices of community forest management, the data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that productive age, adequate level of education, extent of land tenure, social, ecological and economic motivations are factors that influence farmers' decisions to manage community forests. Farmers cultivate their community forest in a simple way, without using good community forest cultivation guidelines. Local government policies are very necessary to support the sustainability of community forest development, in order to achieve economic, ecological, and social needs obtained from community forest management.Keywords: social economy characteristics of community, participation, community forest farmers, rural community

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