scholarly journals How do tree- and stand-level factors influence belowground biomass and carbon storage in tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus)?

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Brandon H. Namm ◽  
John-Pascal Berrill
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Linear Predictor ◽  
Humboldt County ◽  
Belowground Carbon ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
Notholithocarpus Densiflorus

Tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) is the most common hardwood in northern California forests, yet its capacity for belowground carbon storage is unknown. To study relationships between coarse roots and tree and stand variables, we destructively sampled twelve tanoak root systems in Humboldt County, California. To estimate belowground biomass, we summed measured biomass of the root ball and a subsample of lateral roots along with predicted biomass of unmeasured coarse roots. Tree size was the best linear predictor of belowground biomass and carbon, indicating that a 25-cm diameter tanoak, for example, stored 70 kg of biomass and 34 kg of carbon in its root system. Stand density was also influential: a doubling of stand density index reduced belowground carbon by 22% for the average tanoak. The mean root-toshoot ratio of 0.35 varied between 0.11 and 0.65, with larger tanoak at high stand densities allocating proportionally less biomass belowground than small open-grown tanoak. The findings highlight the importance of accounting for stand density effects, otherwise belowground carbon will be under predicted in low-density stands managed for tree health, vigor, and resistance to drought and wildfire, or overestimated in forests managed at high densities for high carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Root-Plate Characteristics of Common Aspen in Hemiboreal Forests of Latvia: A Case Study

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Valters Samariks ◽  
Dace Brizga ◽  
Jeļena Rūba ◽  
Andris Seipulis ◽  
Āris Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Root Plate

Climate change will cause winds to strengthen and storms to become more frequent in Northern Europe. Windstorms reduce the financial value of forests by bending, breaking, or uprooting trees, and wind-thrown trees cause additional economic losses. The resistance of trees to wind damage depends on tree species, tree- and stand-scale parameters, and root-soil plate characteristics such as root-plate size, weight, and rooting depth. The root-soil plate is a complex structure whose mechanical strength is dependent on root-plate width and depth, as the root system provides root attachment with soil and structural support. In Latvia, the common aspen (Populus tremula L.) root system has been studied to develop a belowground biomass model, because information about root system characteristics in relation to tree wind resistance is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the root-plate dimensions of common aspen stands on fertile mineral soil (luvisol). Study material was collected in the central region of Latvia, where pure mature (41–60 years old) common aspen stands were randomly selected, and dominant trees within the stand were chosen. In total, ten sample trees from ten stands were uprooted. The diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H) were measured for each sample tree, and their roots were excavated, divided into groups, washed, measured, and weighed. The highest naturally moist biomass values were observed for coarse roots, and fine root biomass was significantly lower compared to other root groups. All root group biomass values had a strong correlation with the tree DBH. The obtained results show that there is a close, negative relationship between the relative distance from the stem and the relative root-plate depth distribution.

scholarly journals ESTIMATE OF STAND DENSITY INDEX FOR EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA USING DIFFERENT FIT METHODS

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernani Lopes Possato ◽  
Natalino Calegario ◽  
Gilciano Saraiva Nogueira ◽  
Elliezer de Almeida Melo ◽  
Joyce de Almeida Alves
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Stand Density Index

ABSTRACT The Reineke stand density index (SDI) was created on 1933 and remains as target of researches due to its importance on helping decision making regarding the management of population density. Part of such works is focused on the manner by which plots were selected and methods for the fit of Reineke model parameters in order to improve the definition of SDI value for the genetic material evaluated. The present study aimed to estimate the SDI value for Eucalyptus urophylla using the Reineke model fitted by the method of linear regression (LR) and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). The database containing pairs of data number of stems per hectare (N) and mean quadratic diameter (Dq) was selected in three intensities, containing the 8, 30 and 43 plots of greatest density, and models were fitted by LR and SFA on each selected intensities. The intensity of data selection altered slightly the estimates of parameters and SDI when comparing the fits of each method. On the other hand, the adjust method influenced the mean estimated values of slope and SDI, which corresponded to -1.863 and 740 for LR and -1.582 and 810 for SFA.

scholarly journals Carbon Storage Allocation Characteristics of Platycladus Orientalis Plantation Ecosystem with Different Densities

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Density Regulation ◽  
Platycladus Orientalis ◽  
Tree Layer

<p>Purpose: To research the influence of different densities of Platycladus orientalis plantation on the allocation characteristics of carbon storage in the ecosystem, the density regulation experiment on the Pinus massoniana plantation with different densities was carried out to discuss the change of the carbon storage of the ecosystem. Method: The density regulation experiment was carried out using random block design along contour line. Through the estimation of tree layer biomass of single Pinus massoniana, the determination of the carbon storage in the tree layer of Pinus massoniana, the estimation of the understory shrub, the grass layer, and the wood layer, the determination of carbon storage in vegetation and litter layer under forest, the determination of organic carbon content and carbon storage in the sample, and the carbon storage of the plantation ecosystem of different stand density sample plots, the effects of stand density on biomass and carbon storage of Pinus massoniana plantation were analyzed. Results: The results of average carbon storage per unit area of Pinus massoniana plantation was different stand densities are 94.11 t/tm2 (1679 plants t/hm2), 79.06 t/tm2 (2250 plants / hm2), 73.32 t/tm2 (2800 plants / hm2). With the increase of stand density, the proportion of carbon storage in Pinus massoniana plantation decreased. This is because the larger the stand density, the more trees with small and medium diameter are grown in the Pinus massoniana plantation. The average diameter at breast height of the stand is very small, and the biomass of single tree decreases. The density is most beneficial to the improvement of the carbon storage of the tree layer. Conclusions: Density regulation promotes the accumulation of carbon storage of the Pinus massoniana plantation and increases the carbon storage of understory vegetation, litter, and soil layer.</p>

scholarly journals Stand structure links up canopy processes and forest management

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Toomas Frey
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Mean Values

Stand structure links up canopy processes and forest management Above- and belowground biomass and net primary production (Pn) of a maturing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest (80 years old) established on brown soil in central Estonia were 227, 50 and 19.3 Mg ha correspondingly. Stand structure is determined mostly by mean height and stand density, used widely in forestry, but both are difficult to measure with high precision in respect of canopy processes in individual trees. However, trunk form quotient (q2) and proportion of living crown in relation to tree height are useful parameters allowing describe stand structure tree by tree. Based on 7 model trees, leaf unit mass assimilation activity and total biomass respiration per unit mass were determined graphically as mean values for the whole tree growth during 80 years of age. There are still several possible approaches not used carefully enough to integrate experimental work at instrumented towers with actual forestry measurement. Dependence of physiological characteristics on individual tree parameters is the missing link between canopy processes and forest management.

scholarly journals Use of Modified Reineke’s Stand Density Index in Predicting Growth and Survival of Chinese Fir Plantations

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 776-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiongqing Zhang ◽  
Quang V Cao ◽  
Lele Lu ◽  
Hanchen Wang ◽  
Aiguo Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
The Self ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Stand Density Index

Abstract Stand density index (SDI) has played an important role in controlling stand stocking and modeling stand development in forest stands. Reineke’s SDI (SDI_R) is based on a constant slope of –1.605 for the self-thinning line. For Chinese fir plantations, however, it has been reported that the self-thinning slope varied with site and climate, rendering SDI_R questionable. Remeasured data from 48 plots distributed in Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces were used to develop models for prediction of stand survival and basal area, with SDI_R incorporated as a predictor variable. Also included in the evaluation were growth models based on self-thinning slopes estimated from two groups of sites (SDI_S) or from climate variables (SDI_C). Results indicated that models with climate-sensitive SDI (SDI_C) performed best, followed by SDI_S and SDI_R. The control models without SDI received the worst overall rank. Inclusion of climate-sensitive SDI in growth and survival models can therefore facilitate modeling of the relation between stand density and growth/survival under future climate-change conditions.

A Comparison of Diameter-and Volume-Based Stocking Guides for Red Alder

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Hibbs ◽  
Gary C. Carlton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
The Self ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Stand Density Index

Abstract Stocking guides based on Reineke's stand density index concept (diameter vs stem density) and on the self-thinning rule (volume vs stem density) are currently in use in the western United States. A self-thinning rule-based guide has been developed for red alder (Alnus rubra). In this paper, we develop a Reineke-type guide for red alder and compare the growth of thinned and self-thinning stands in both systems. Stand density appears to be defined differently in the two systems, leading to differences in density management prescriptions. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):113-115, October 1989.

scholarly journals A PRACTICAL MEASURE OF STOCK DENSITY IN WHITE AND RED PINE STANDS

1943 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Mulloy
Keyword(s):  
Line Graph ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
Practical Measure

The findings of L. H. Reineke that a number of trees per acre on average diameter plotted on double logarithmic paper provides a straight line graph whose slope remains constant for all sites, age-classes and most species are checked against twenty years' record of sample plot data for red and white pine stands. The use of stand density index based on this principle in thinning technique and in forest management is developed.The practical application of these findings is shown. All that is necessary is to estimate the average diameter of the stand. The spacing for optimum development is then fixed.

Stand density and carbon storage in cypress-tupelo wetland forests of the Mississippi River delta

2019 ◽  
Vol 441 ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon L. Edwards ◽  
Scott T. Allen ◽  
DeWitt H. Braud ◽  
Richard F. Keim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Mississippi River Delta ◽  
Wetland Forests

scholarly journals A Retrospective Assessment of Partial Cutting to Reduce Spruce Beetle-Caused Mortality in the Southern Rocky Mountains

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matthew Hansen ◽  
José F. Negron ◽  
A. Steven Munson ◽  
John A. Anhold
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Stand Density Index

Abstract Tree susceptibility to bark beetle-caused mortality has been linked to stand characteristics such as basal area (BA) and average tree size, factors that can be manipulated through partial cutting. There is no experimental evidence, however, demonstrating the efficacy of partial cutting in spruce type. Such experiments are very difficult to complete because of the inability to manipulate bark beetle populations needed to challenge treated stands. To circumvent this difficulty, we identified spruce stands that were partially cut (for nonexperimental reasons) in advance ofbeetle activity and compared beetle-caused mortality to that in nearby spruce stands that were not treated. Treated stands had fewer infested stems and less infested BA than untreated stands, as well as smaller proportions of infested stems and BA. Untreated stands, however, had more residualspruce stems and BA than treated stands. Most of this difference was among stems 3–11 in. dbh with little difference in survivorship among larger stems. Spruce regeneration was not significantly different among treated and untreated stands. Spruce stand density index, spruce BA, and the number of spruce stems >11 in. dbh were the stand variables most strongly correlated with host mortality measurements. Insect population pressure appears to influence the degree of protection to residual spruce following partial cutting.

scholarly journals Vertical Point Sampling with a Camera

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Ducey ◽  
John A. Kershaw
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Double Sampling ◽  
Point Sampling ◽  
Field Techniques ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
Detectable Bias ◽  
Horizontal Point Sampling

Abstract Vertical point sampling has seen relatively little use in practical forestry, in part because existing field techniques are difficult. We show how vertical point sampling can be implemented quickly and easily using a camera. We give tables and equations for calculating the height-squared factor, which plays a role similar to that of the basal area factor in horizontal point sampling. Some suggestions for choosing a height-squared factor are discussed, along with potential applications for further exploration. We illustrate the technique using a case study in southern Maine. Direct estimates with no statistically detectable bias were obtained using height-squared factors greater than 3. The results also suggested that the technique could be used as a correlate in double sampling for variables such as cubic volume, stand density index, and biomass, and possibly board foot volume as well.

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