A Ratio Method for Calculating Stem Volume to Variable Merchantable Limits, and Associated Taper Equations

One method for estimating the volume of the merchantable portion of a tree stem is the volume ratio method. In this study the ratio used with this method was derived from another ratio expressed as ground-to-limit volume to total stem volume. Because of the latter ratio's strong correlation with the ratio of merchantable top diameter/breast height diameter and merchantable height/total tree height, several mathematical models were formed employing these variables for its estimation for red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Among the models that were tested, the best for each variable was chosen by assessing its adequacy by the statistical measures of fit index and standard error of estimate. When checked against an independent set of data, these best models performed satisfactorily, with small overall biases. Furthermore, taper equations were derived from these ground-to-limit volume ratio equations.

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Predicting sugar maple (Acer saccharum) discoloured wood characteristics

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2013-0017 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 649-657 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sharad Kumar Baral ◽

Robert Schneider ◽

David Pothier ◽

Frank Berninger

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Tree Height ◽

Tree Age ◽

Wood Volume ◽

Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model ◽

Crown Length ◽

Crown Characteristics ◽

The Relationship ◽

Wood Columns

The presence of wound (strain) initiated discoloured wood columns in the core of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) stems reduces the proportion of white-coloured wood and, thus, lowers its commercial value. This study aimed to assess the relationship between tree characteristics and the extent and proportion of discoloured wood in sugar maple tree stems. Using 109 trees from three different sites in southern Quebec, we found that the proportion of discoloured wood increased with decreasing sapwood volume and increasing tree age. Younger trees showed a significantly lower proportion of discoloured wood volume. Discoloured wood volume increases disproportionately with tree diameter, while varying among sites. The third important factor affecting the amount of discolored wood was tree vigour as measured by crown characteristics and growth rate changes. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was used to predict discoloured wood taper. Height along the stem was used as a predictor, along with diameter at 1.3 m (DBH), the ratio of live crown length to tree height, and tree height. Although observed injury surface area was positively correlated to discoloured wood volume, injury information did not explain a large share of discoloured wood proportion variation. Overall, older and larger trees with many injuries on less productive sites are likely to have more discoloured wood.

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A Mathematically Tractable Stem Profile Model for Jack Pine in Ontario

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/16.3.138 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 138-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

W. T. Zakrzewski

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Stand Density ◽

Tree Height ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Volume Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

New Model ◽

Volume Estimates

Abstract A new model was derived to describe the inside bark cross-sectional area of tree stems. It is a rational function. The inputs required by the model are outside bark tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height (H). Knowledge of a species-specific bark thickness at 1.3 m expressed in terms of input variables is also needed. Defining the model involves estimating two regression coefficients using either nonlinear or linear regression (after linearization of the model). The formula is analytically integrable and thus provides analytical inside bark volume estimates for any stem section defined by height limits. The model is analytically solvable for a stem height location at any given inside bark diameter, so that stem sections can be defined by the required inside bark diameter limits. The new model can be calibrated using either section diameter or section volume data. It is suggested that involving the ratio H/DBH in the model accounts for the influence of stand density on stem profile. The formula was calibrated for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Ontario. Wider applicability of the model is supported by results obtained for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in Ontario and Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) in Finland. Comparing volume estimates from the new model with those generated by Honer's formula confirms the advantages of the new model. North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):138-143.

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Deriving compatible taper functions from volume ratio equations based on upper-stem height

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2017-0108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 1424-1431 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas B. Lynch ◽

Dehai Zhao ◽

Will Harges ◽

John Paul McTague

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Stem Volume ◽

Stem Height ◽

Ratio Data ◽

Prediction Systems ◽

Pinus Taeda L ◽

Taper Equations ◽

Tree Stem

A very common model for prediction of tree stem volumes to upper-stem height or diameter limits is the use of a merchantable to total volume ratio function multiplied by a total stem volume function. Many users of these prediction systems also desire taper equations that can predict heights to upper-stem diameters. While taper equations compatible with volume ratio equations have been used for many years, compatible taper equations from volume ratio equations that are functions of upper-stem height have been used infrequently. Yet many studies have indicated that height-based ratio equations perform well and frequently have statistics of fit that are comparable with diameter-based volume ratio equations. Compatible taper equations derived from height-based ratio equations are presented here. The methodology that uses height-based merchantable to total volume ratios does not require the solution of a differential equation after differentiating the height-based volume ratio, as is necessary when using the method of deriving taper equations from diameter-based merchantable to total volume ratios. This could be an advantage depending on the complexity of the ratio function. Example taper equations fitted to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) data from the southeastern USA and the state of Oklahoma, USA, indicate good fit to these data, whether fitted directly to taper data or implicitly by using parameters fitted to volume ratio data.

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Anatomy and physiology of sugar maple (Acer saccharum March) seedlings uninoculated or inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum

10.31274/rtd-180813-6348 ◽

1985 ◽

Author(s):

William Jesse Yawney

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Glomus Etunicatum ◽

Anatomy And Physiology ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular

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Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

Wood and Fiber Science ◽

10.22382/wfs-2020-027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 292-297

Author(s):

Tara Lee Bal ◽

Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽

Dana L. Richter

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Red Maple

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Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13084167 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 4167

Author(s):

David Kombi Kaviriri ◽

Huan-Zhen Liu ◽

Xi-Yang Zhao

Keyword(s):

Selection Index ◽

Tree Height ◽

Stem Volume ◽

Korean Pine ◽

Branch Number ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Stem Straightness ◽

Clonal Trial

In order to determine suitable traits for selecting high-wood-yield Korean pine materials, eleven morphological characteristics (tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, stem straightness degree, crown breadth, crown height, branch angle, branch number per node, bark thickness, and stem volume) were investigated in a 38-year-old Korean pine clonal trial at Naozhi orchard. A statistical approach combining variance and regression analysis was used to extract appropriate traits for selecting elite clones. Results of variance analysis showed significant difference in variance sources in most of the traits, except for the stem straightness degree, which had a p-value of 0.94. Moderate to high coefficients of variation and clonal repeatability ranged from 10.73% to 35.45% and from 0.06% to 0.78%, respectively. Strong significant correlations on the phenotypic and genotypic levels were observed between the straightness traits and tree volume, but crown breadth was weakly correlated to the volume. Four principal components retaining up to 80% of the total variation were extracted, and stem volume, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, tree height, and crown height displayed high correlation to these components (r ranged from 0.76 to 0.98). Based on the Type III sum of squares, tree height, diameter at breast height, and branch number showed significant information to explain the clonal variability based on stem volume. Using the extracted characteristics as the selection index, six clones (PK105, PK59, PK104, PK36, PK28, and K101) displayed the highest Qi values, with a selection rate of 5% corresponding to the genetic gain of 42.96% in stem volume. This study provides beneficial information for the selection of multiple traits for genetically improved genotypes of Korean pine.

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