Aplikasi Pupuk Hayati Mikoriza terhadap Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) pada Latosol Dramaga

Pupuk hayati mikoriza dapat mempertahankan produktivitas lahan dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh pemberian pupuk hayati mikoriza terhadap pertumbuhan bawang merah (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) serta mengetahui infeksi akar, dan pengaruhnya terhadap kadar N, P, K tanah. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan pengujian pupuk hayati yang dilakukan berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 70/ Permentan/ SR. 140/10/2011, terdiri dari 6 perlakuan (A-F) sebagai berikut: A) kontrol, B) pupuk standar, C) pupuk hayati mikoriza, D) pupuk hayati mikoriza + 25% pupuk standar, E) pupuk hayati mikoriza + 50% pupuk standar, F) pupuk hayati mikoriza + 75% pupuk standar. Terdapat 5 ulangan sehingga diperoleh 30 satuan percobaan. Pupuk hayati mikoriza dapat mengurangi kebutuhan pupuk standar (PS) menjadi 25% sampai 50%. Kombinasi pupuk hayati 2.5 g/tanaman dengan 50% PS menghasilkan tinggi tanaman dan bobot biomassa terbaik, namun secara ekonomis lebih direkomendasikan pemakaian 25% PS. Perlakuan yang diaplikasikan mikoriza memiliki nilai infeksi akar yang sangat tinggi yaitu diatas 75%. Jenis spora yang berhasil berasosiasi adalah Acaulospora sp., Glomus etunicatum, dan Glomus sp. Pengaplikasian mikoriza menghasilkan respons peningkatan sebesar 14.91% pada P-tersedia Latosol, sedangkan terhadap K-dd dan N-total tidak berpengaruh nyata.

Use of the Glomus etunicatum as biocontrol agent of the soybean cyst nematode

This study investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd.), on the cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), in a greenhouse. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal soybean plants were exposed to the pathogen at different initial population densities (0, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 nematodes eggs). Soybean growth, nematode reproduction, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus’s capacity to decrease disease pressure were determined after 60 day-olds. The height of the plants was increased by 26% in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) despite of a higher initial population of cyst nematodes. The root length was, on average, 32.20% was greater in the presence of AMF. The number of nematodes females found in the root system of mycorrhizal plants was 28.21% lower than in non-mycorrhizal roots. These results suggest that AMF G. etunicatum acts indirectly, promoting an improvement in the nutritional plant status creating tolerance to the presence of the pathogen by soybean.

EFFECT OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI BIOFERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH OF CASHEW SEEDLING

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The effects of several arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on thegrowth, nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and acidphosphate activity of two promising numbers of Anacardium occidentaleseedling were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute(BALITTRO) in 2002 for six months on a randomized design with twofactors and four replicates. First factor was isolate (six isolates of AMFand one control) consisting of : 1) control; 2) Glomus aggregatum; 3)Glomus etunicatum; 4) Mycofer; 5) Glomus sp.; 6) a mixture of Glomussp1, Glomus sp2, Glomus sp3, Glomus sp4, Glomus etunicatum,Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora sp., and Enthropospora sp., and 7)Gigaspora sp. The second factor was two cashew promising numbers :Asembagus and Wonogiri. The results showed that AMF inoculationsignificantly affected the growth of cashew. Mycofer and mixed AMFwere more effective to Wonogiri promising number, while for Asembaguspromising number inoculation of mycofer was more effective. Inoculationwith mycofer to Asembagus promising number increased the uptake of Pand K nutrients by 65 and 53% while inoculation with mycofer and mixedAMF to Wonogiri promising number increased the uptake of N, P and Knutrients by 55, 38, and 17%, and by 18, 31, and 17%. Moreover, theAMF inoculation resulted in higher phosphatase activity. In mycorrhizalAsembagus promising number infected by mixed AMF, the increment ofphosphatase activity was 136.5%, whether in Wonogiri promising numberinfected by mycofer, the increment of phosphatase activity was 80% thancontrol.</p><p>Key words: Anacardium occidentale, promising number, growth,phosphatase activity</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pengaruh Pupuk Hayati Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula(FMA) terhadap Pertumbuhan Benih Jambu Mete</p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh beberapa jenisfungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) terhadap pertumbuhan, serapan hara danaktivitas enzim fosfatase dari dua nomor harapan benih jambu mete(Anacardium occidentale). Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Balittropada tahun 2002 selama 6 bulan, menggunakan rancangan acak yangterdiri dari dua faktor dan diulang empat kali. Faktor pertama adalahisolate (6 jenis isolat FMA dan satu kontrol) yaitu: 1). kontrol; 2). Glomusaggregatum; 3) Glomus etunicatum; 4). Mycofer; 5). Glomus sp.; 6).campuran dari Glomus sp1, Glomus sp2, Glomus sp3, Glomus sp4, Glomusetunicatum, Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora sp., Enthropospora sp., dan7). Gigaspora sp. Faktor kedua adalah nomor harapan jambu mete, yaituAsembagus dan Wonogiri. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa inokulasiFMA berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan jambu mete. Mycofer dancampuran FMA lebih efektif berpengaruh terhadap nomor harapanWonogiri, sedangkan mycofer lebih efektif berpengaruh terhadap nomorharapan Asembagus. Serapan hara P dan K pada nomor harapanAsembagus yang diinokulasi mycofer meningkat sebesar 65 dan 53%,sedangkan nomor harapan Wonogiri yang diinokulasi mycofer dancampuran FMA, serapan hara N, P, dan K meningkat masing-masingsebesar 55; 38; dan 17%, dan 18; 31; dan 17%. Selain itu, inokulasi FMAdapat meningkatkan aktivitas fosfatase akar jambu mete. Peningkatanaktivitas fosfatase akar jambu mete nomor harapan Asembagus yangterinfeksi oleh campuran FMA sebesar 136,5%, sedangkan pada nomorharapan Wonogiri yang terinfeksi mycofer, peningkatnnya sebesar 80%dibandingkan kontrol.</p><p>Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale, nomor harapan, pertumbuhan,aktivitas fosfatase</p>

Su Kısıtı Koşullarında Biber (Capsicum annuum L.) Bitkisinde Mikoriza Uygulamasının Vejetatif ve Generatif Gelişme Üzerinde Etkileri

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are beneficial soil organisms, have an important role in the uptake of plant nutrients by roots and thus help to healthy plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMF inoculation on the development of water-deficiency applied pepper plants. In this study, Tesla F1 pepper cultivars, Glomus etunicatum inoculated and without Glomus etunicatum, were exposed to four different irrigation regimes (25I, 50I, 75I, 100I). At the end of the experiment these plants were compared in terms of some vegetative and fruit properties. For this purpose, at the end of the trial; shoot length (cm), root length (cm), root spread (cm), number of leaves, leaf width and length (mm), stem diameter (mm), fruit width (mm), fruit length (mm), root and shoot weights (g), fruit pH, total soluble solid content and chlorophyll index were measured. P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) contents of leaves samples taken from plants were determined. As a result, it was determined that 75I irrigation regime gave the best results in terms of both plant growth and fruit properties in all mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. It was also concluded that 75% irrigation level is sufficient for plant growth.

COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DEGRADED SAWDUST ON GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTER OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP)

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza and degraded sawdust on growth and yield characters of bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) The experiment was 2x4 factorial arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)) with four replicates. The eight treatments were combinations of two early maturing varieties of bell peppers (PEP and Gombe) and soil amendments (degraded sawdust, Glomus etunicatum and steam sterilized homogenous soil as control (C). The two varieties of bell pepper differed significantly in growth and fruit parameters. Variety Gombe had higher plant height (22.2cm) and produced more fruits of bell pepper (1.7) than variety PEP inspite of its larger leaf area (23.1cm2) by the latter. The results also showed that soil amendment with degraded sawdust alone and combination with Glomus etunicatum improved the growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, leaf area as well as numbers of flowers and fruits of bell pepper. The interaction of pepper and soil amendments was significant on all the growth and yield parameters with varieties exhibiting differential reactions to the soil amendment treatments. Soil amendments with degraded sawdust and combination of degraded sawdust with Arbuscular mycorrhiza had positive effects on the growth and yield characters of both varieties of pepper used (PEP and Gombe).

Interação entre endomicorrizas e frutíferas nativas (Myrtaceae) no Rio Grande do Sul

A interação entre espécies vegetais e micorrizas arbusculares (MA) favorece o desenvolvimento de mudas. Para verificar esta interação conduziu-se estudo, em duas etapas, entre três espécies de micorrizas arbusculares (Glomus etunicatum, Gigaspora margarita e Scutellospora heterogama), além de uma testemunha e três espécies de Myrtaceae nativas no Sul do Brasil: Eugenia pyriformis Cambess, Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) D. Legrand) e Psidium cattleyanum Sabine na produção de mudas. Na etapa de sementeira, sementes das espécies vegetais foram semeadas em bandejas multicelulares, preenchidas com substrato autoclavado e 1 g de inóculo/célula de cada espécie de MA estudada. Nesta etapa avaliaram-se a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas (altura e número de folhas por muda), aos 125 dias após a semeadura. Na etapa de viveiro, as mudas foram transplantadas para sacos de polietileno preto (5 L), contendo substrato comercial desinfestado. 480 dias após o transplante, avaliaram-se o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas e a colonização pelas MAs nas raízes. Na fase de sementeira, as MAs colonizaram as raízes, mas não alteraram emergência e desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas. Após o transplante para recipientes maiores todas as espécies de MAs foram eficientes quando comparadas à testemunha, proporcionando incrementos médios na ordem de 135% na altura, 195% no número de folhas, 299% no número de brotações e 209% na área foliar. Os resultados confirmam a efetiva simbiose entre as espécies florestais e as endomicorrizas estudadas.

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the vegetative development of citrus rootstocks1

ABSTRACT The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the production of rootstocks is an alternative to accelerate plant growth. However, their response depends on the symbionts species and environment. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of AMF species [Scutelospora heterogama, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum, Acaulospora sp. and a control (non-inoculated)] on the vegetative development of citrus rootstocks {citrange 'Fepagro C37 Reck' [P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. x C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck.] and 'Kumquat' [Fortunella hindsii (L.) Swingle]}. The experimental design consisted of split-plot randomized blocks, with 10 plants per plot and 3 replications. Height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and fresh and dry root and shoot mass were evaluated. The colonization of AMF in the roots was also assessed, determining the percentage of colonization and density of hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. The rootstocks showed no difference for the plant growth parameters, in the absence of AMF. The AMF species colonized the rootstocks roots, but were only effective in accelerating the citrange 'Fepagro C37 Reck' growth, especially when inoculated with Scutelospora heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Glomus etunicatum. The influence of AMF on vegetative development depends on the citrus rootstock species.

Micorrizas arbusculares no crescimento de mudas de sabiá em um substrato proveniente da mineração de manganês

<p>O manganês (Mn) é considerado um micronutriente essencial às plantas, porém o seu excesso pode resultar em toxidez, causando clorose e necrose nas folhas. O uso de leguminosas inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares tem se tornado uma importante estratégia do ponto de vista da remediação de áreas contaminadas com metais como é o caso do manganês. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de mudas de <em>Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia</em> Benth. inoculadas com micorrizas arbusculares sob condições de substrato esterilizado e natural proveniente de uma área de mineração de Mn do município de Ocara – CE. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2, considerando-se: quatro tratamentos de inoculação (controle não-inoculado, inoculado com <em>Glomus clarum</em>, inoculado com <em>Glomus etunicatum</em> e com a mistura dos dois fungos (Mix)) e duas condições de substrato (estéril e natural), com quatro repetições. As mudas de sabiá foram produzidas em bandeja de isopor, sendo transplantadas e inoculadas em vasos após treze dias da semeadura. Após trinta dias do transplantio foram realizadas avaliações de altura da parte áerea, diâmetro do colo, número de folíolos e porcentagem de sobrevivência. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares favoreceu o crescimento das mudas de sabiá em substrato da mineração de manganês, em condições naturais, principalmente quando se utilizou o <em>Glomus etunicatum</em>. No substrato esterilizado a inoculação com micorrizas arbusculares proporcionou a atenuação da toxidez de Mn nas mudas de sabiá favorecendo o crescimento das mesmas nestas condições.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth of sabiá seedlings on a substrate from the manganese mining</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Manganese (Mn) is considered an essential micronutrient to plants but its excess can result in toxicity causing chlorosis and necrosis on the leaves. The use of leguminous plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi have become an important point of view of the remediation strategy contaminated with metals such as manganese. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of <em>Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia</em> Benth. seedlings inoculated with mycorrhiza under conditions of sterile and natural substrate from a Mn mining area of the municipality of Ocara - CE. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design in a 4x2 factorial scheme considering four inoculation treatments (non-inoculated control, inoculated with <em>Glomus clarum</em>, inoculated with <em>Glomus etunicatum</em> and with the mixture of two fungi (Mix)) and two substrate conditions (sterile and natural), with four replications. The seedlings of sabiá were produced in styrofoam tray, being transplanted and inoculated in pots after thirteen days of sowing. After thirty days of transplanting been evaluated shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaflets and percentage of survival. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi favored the growth of sabiá seedlings in manganese mining substrate, in natural conditions, especially when using the <em>Glomus etunicatum</em>. In the substrate sterilized inoculation with mycorrhiza provided attenuation of Mn toxicity in sabiá seedlings favoring their growth under these conditions.</p>