scholarly journals The Potential Economic Impact of Biotechnology and Related Research on the Forest Sector

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. C. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Manufacturing Plants ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

The Canadian forest sector is at a critical juncture in maintaining its competitive position internationally. One reason is the difficulty that we are experiencing in holding the line on the costs of timber and its processing. The expenditure on silviculture alone is often in the range of 10-20% of the cost of delivering roundwood to manufacturing plants. The entire forest community is counting of forestry science, and especially biotechnology, to enhance industry viability and provide solutions to problems with environmental quality. However, the funding of forestry R&D has always been handicapped by our inability to argue persuasively for science budgets. The central theme of this paper is that the application of biotechnology and other science to forestry certainly does pay. A synthesis of traditional and newer approaches to benefit-cost analysis is recommended to assist science managers in making their case for financial support.

scholarly journals A retrospective assessment of the costs of EPA’s 1998 Locomotive Emission Standards

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kopits
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Abstract:While the need to update EPA benefit-cost analysis to reflect the most recent science is broadly acknowledged, little work has been done examining how well ex ante BCAs estimate the actual benefits and costs of regulations. This paper adds to the existing literature on ex post cost analyses by examining EPA’s analysis of the 1998 Locomotive Emission Standards. Due to data limitations and minimal ability to construct a reasonable counterfactual for each component of the cost analysis, the assessment relies mainly on industry expert opinion, augmented with ex post information from publicly available data sources when possible. The paper finds that the total cost of bringing line-haul locomotives into compliance with the 1998 Locomotive Emission Standards rule remains uncertain. Even though the initial per-unit locomotive compliance costs were higher than predicted by EPA, total costs also depend on the number of locomotives affected by the regulation. Over 2000–2009, the number of newly built line-haul locomotives was higher but the number of remanufactured line-haul locomotives was lower than EPA’s estimate.

A Retrospective Benefit-Cost Analysis on the Elwha River Restoration Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-100
Author(s):  
Allen Bellas ◽  
Lea Kosnik
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
River Restoration ◽  
River Ecosystem ◽  
Elwha River ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Original Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

AbstractIn 1992, Congress passed The Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act with the goal of “full restoration of The Elwha River Ecosystem and native anadromous fisheries.” As part of that act, the federal government was required to produce a benefit-cost analysis on dam removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams, which was published in 1994. This article revisits that initial 1994 benefit-cost analysis; background on its methods and assumptions is given, comparisons are made to current state-of-the-art techniques in benefit-cost analysis, and an ex post benefit-cost analysis of the project is conducted for comparison purposes. We find that the cost and scope of the project exceeded original expectations, the cost of the foregone electricity generation was less than expected, and that anticipated recreational and fisheries benefits were both delayed, and lower, than expected. Furthermore, issues such as the value of hatchery-spawned versus wild anadromous fish seem not to have been anticipated in the original analysis, highlighting the fact that in doing an ex ante analysis, researchers must expect that unexpected factors may influence the ex post results of any project.

scholarly journals Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment with Recommended Alternative Solutions Using the Benefit Cost Analysis Method

Tibuana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
Rina Sandora ◽  
Fani Sandy Putra ◽  
Galih Anindita
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Analysis Calculation ◽  
Gas Detector ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Determination of hazard identification and risk assessment on the company can not be separated from the calculation of the cost budget. The aim is to provide recommendations and calculate the profit rate using the Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) method so that the company will more easily determine the most appropriate and needed alternative in the company. From the incremental analysis calculation, an alternative solution and value obtained from BCA are gas detector H2S B / C ratio 1.14, crane certification B / C ratio 3.66, welding helmet B / C ratio value 5.53, wire rope B / C ratio value of 5.19, O2 detector value of B / C ratio 6.11, small handtruck value of B / C ratio 18.1, fire dry chemical powder B / C ratio value of 22.27, N2 gas detector value of ratio B / C 1.53.

Implementing Highway Safety Manual Life-Cycle Benefit–Cost Analysis of Safety Improvements

2017 ◽  
Vol 2636 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Jordan B. Frustaci ◽  
Mitsuru Saito ◽  
Grant G. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Highway Safety ◽  
Cost Analyses ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Highway Safety Manual ◽  
State Highway ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) lists four methods for determining the change in crash severity in order of reliability. The life-cycle benefit–cost analysis currently used by the Utah Department of Transportation is similar to the least reliable method. To provide a tool to perform the most reliable method defined by the HSM—the predictive method—this research developed a spreadsheet-based tool to allow department engineers to perform life-cycle benefit–cost analyses for the 11 roadway segment types included in the HSM. The tool can be used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of safety-related improvements identified by the Utah crash prediction model, which was previously developed to identify safety hot spots on the state highway system. The concept and the spreadsheet layout are presented by using the rural two-lane, two-way highway spreadsheet as an example. Then a case of a rural two-lane, two-way highway with two selected countermeasures is presented to demonstrate the use of this spreadsheet to compare their benefit–cost ratios. One important aspect associated with life-cycle benefit–cost analyses of safety-related improvements is the cost of implementing such improvements. Safety-related improvements are often included in larger construction contracts and such costs vary significantly, depending on the way they are included in the larger contracts. Hence, construction costs of safety-related improvements—such as initial cost, periodic rehabilitation cost, and annual maintenance costs—must be prepared outside this spreadsheet by the user.

scholarly journals ANALISIS INVESTASI USAHATANI KEDELAI VARIETAS TANGGAMUS DI KABUPATEN GORONTALO

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Zulkifli Mantau
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

The increase of soybeans  world price was causing of a domino effect for the Indonesian’s soybeans. Meanwhile, soybean productivity at the farm level is still low ( 1.3 t / ha ) with a range from 0.6 to 2.0 t / ha. In additional, the production technology can able to result of 1.7 to 3.2 t / ha . To solve these problems, It needs to planted the soybean that have a high productivity and efficient technically and economically.  The aims of this research are to find the investement feasibility of soybean farming (Tanggamus var.) at Puncak Village, Gorontalo District with benefit cost analysis approach (3 years projection). This research conducted at Puncak Village, Pulubala sub district, Gorontalo District. The datas was a primary observation data in the field, especially the data of soybeans farming activities for 2 seasons (1 year).  Analysis method use a benefit cost analysis. The analysis use a financial price (actual price) in the cost factors. The result showed that Net Present Value (NPV) (12%) Rp 10 269 643, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 97.21%, Net Benefit Cost ratio (Net B/C) 2.64 and Payback periodh (PBP) 9 months or 0.7 year or 2 planted seasons.

Implications of the WTP–WTA Disparity for Benefit–Cost Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Hammitt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Willingness To Accept Compensation

Differences between estimated willingness to accept compensation (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) that are larger than can be explained by standard economic theory raise questions about which measures should be used for benefit–cost analysis (BCA). These differences do not create a new problem but accentuate an existing one: the fact that the Kaldor–Hicks compensation test is ambiguous when its two components conflict. This conflict is more likely when the difference between WTA and WTP measures of a change is large. In many cases, the same individuals receive benefits and incur costs from a policy change and their preferences for the policy cannot depend on whether they ask whether their WTP for the benefit exceeds the cost they will incur or their WTA to forgo the benefit exceeds the cost they will save. In cases where benefits and costs are incurred by different people, it seems more useful to evaluate the fundamental question – whether the benefits to some justify the harms to others – than to obscure this question through a technical debate about valuation measures.

scholarly journals Florida's Citrus Canker Eradication Program (CCEP): Benefit-Cost Analysis

EDIS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2005 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Zansler ◽  
Thomas H. Spreen ◽  
Ronald P. Muraro
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

In this paper, an economic analysis of the Citrus Canker Eradication Program (CCEP) on the Florida citrus industry is conducted through employment of a benefit-cost analysis of retaining the current policy. A benefit-cost analysis of the CCEP in Florida is developed using the predicted values of the benefits and the costs associated with the policy. The actual expenditures of implementation to-date are weighed against the estimated loss of revenue and the cost savings associated with an industry with pervasive citrus canker in an attempt to assess the net benefits of the policy. This is EDIS document FE531, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published March 2005. 

Benefit-Cost Analysis for Drinking Water Standards: Efficiency, Equity, and Affordability Considerations in Small Communities

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Raucher ◽  
Scott J. Rubin ◽  
Douglas Crawford-Brown ◽  
Megan M. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
Small Water ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Small Water Systems

The federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended in 1996, enables benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to be used in setting federal drinking water standards, known as MCLs. While BCAs are typically conceived of as a tool to inform efficiency considerations by helping to identify MCL options that maximize net social benefits, in this paper we also illustrate how important equity and affordability considerations can be brought to light by suitably applying BCAs to drinking water regulations, especially in the context of communities served by relatively small water systems. We examine the applicability and relevance of health-health analysis (HHA), and provide an empirical evaluation of the risk tradeoffs that may be associated with the MCL established for arsenic. We find that the cost-associated risks may offset a nontrivial portion of the cancer risk reduction benefits attributed to the MCL (e.g., the additional adverse health impacts from the costs may be roughly half as large as the number of cancer cases avoided). This reveals the relevance of using the HHA approach for examining net benefits of MCLs in small drinking water utilities, and raises issues related to whether and how these cost-associated health risks should be considered in BCAs for drinking water standards.

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